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July 2021

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A new website for hyperspace@gu
by Prof. Dr. Luciano Rezzolla 02 Jul '21

02 Jul '21

Dear all, as you will realise when visiting the website, hyperspace has a new look! Together with Fabian Weih, and exploiting a sabbatical semester to be spent in lockdown, I have completed a restyling operation of hyperspace@gu. Besides making use of more modern and hopefully reliable software, the new site offers also a number of novel features: – a list of the most recent posts – a list of the upcoming events – a more compact list of the announced jobs and conferences – a calendar collecting all events and that can be linked to your favourite calendar – a more compact and sortable list of registered scientists The site has been tested, but it is possible that glitches and bugs may appear as more users access the site. So please be patient and report any problem you may encounter. As ever, please contact me if you have suggestions on how to improve hyperspace. Best regards, Luciano Rezzolla __________________________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Luciano Rezzolla Chair of Theoretical Astrophysics, Institute for Theoretical Physics The Andrews Professor of Astronomy, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland Senior Fellow, Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies Spokesperson, ELEMENTS Hessian Research Cluster Room 2.143 Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany Tel: +49-69-79847871 http://astro.uni-frankfurt.de/rezzolla Secretary: Fr. A. Steidl steidl(a)itp.uni-frankfurt.de, Tel: +49-69-79847872 __________________________________________________________________________________

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[Hyperspace-list] Hyperspace Bulletin for July 2021
by hyperspace＠itp.uni-frankfurt.de 02 Jul '21

02 Jul '21

########################################### Table of Contents ########################################### 1. Conferences 1.1. Metamaterials: Designing Wave Propagation with a Focus on Electrodynamics, Bad Honnef, Germany 1.2. LHAASO Collaboration discussion session, Madrid, Spain (online) 1.3. II International Summer Youth School "Gravity, Cosmology and Astrophysics", Moscow, Russia 1.4. 10th School on Astrophysics and Gravitation, Lisbon, Portugal 1.5. 19th Conference on Recent Developments in Gravity, (online) 1.6. Training School, "Quantum gravity phenomenology in the multi-messenger approach", Corfu, Greece 2. Jobs 2.1. PhD position in Gravitational-Wave Modelling, Potsdam, Germany 2.2. ��Postdoctoral Position in Waveform modeling, Prague, Czech Republic 2.3. Postdoctoral fellow in multi-messenger astronomy with gravitational waves, Vancouver, Canada 2.4. Postdoctoral positions in computational relativity/cosmology/fluid dynamics, IBM, Daresbury, UK 2.5. Assistant Professor of Physics, Rhode Island, USA 2.6. Fellowships at the Nottingham Centre of Gravity, Nottingham, UK 2.7. Postdoctoral Position in Theoretical Physics, Kyoto, Japan 2.8. Royal Society and STFC 5-year Fellowships, Sheffield, UK 2.9. Computational Scientist, Rhode Island, USA 2.10. PhD position in Gravitational-Wave Modeling, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Potsdam, Germany 2.11. One PhD and one Postdoctoral Position: Gravitational Wave Probes of Dark Matter and Phase Transitions in Neutron Stars, Frankfurt, Germany 2.12. Multiple Post-docs/Research Fellow positions in Gravitational Wave Science and Technology, Canberra, Australia 2.13. PhD Position in Quantum Gravity, Nijmegen, The Netherlands 3. News 3.1. New book: Seven Fundamental Concepts in Spacetime Physics (SpringerBriefs in Physics) 3.2. Living Reviews in Relativity: "Relativistic fluid dynamics: physics for many different scales" ============================================== 1. Conferences ============================================== 1.1. Metamaterials: Designing Wave Propagation with a Focus on Electrodynamics, Bad Honnef, Germany --------------------------------------------------------------- Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: https://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/?p=21215 Starting: 2022-02-07 to 2022-02-11 Location: Bad Honnef, Germany Additional Information: https://www.we-heraeus-stiftung.de/veranstaltungen/seminare/2022/metamateri… Contact: dennis.philipp[AT]zarm.uni-bremen.de Metamaterials are artificial materials and media of designed properties governing propagation phenomena with a wide range of realizations in, e.g., electrodynamics, fluid mechanics, acoustics, heat and diffusion, quantum physics and atom optics, as well as seismology. Their influence on the propagation of physical fields is based on artificially tuned macroscopic constitutive relations beyond the natural regime, leading to new effects such as cloaking and negative refraction. One common method for the design of metamaterials is to use (periodic) sub-wavelength structures. Despite the manifold applications ranging from medical imaging over the absorption of sound or protection of buildings against earth quakes to analog gravity, the underlying mathematical description is universal. This seminar aims to bring together scientists from many different fields related to theoretical and experimental research as well as applications of metamaterials. We want to stimulate the cross-disciplinary exchange of ideas and solution methods and bridge the theoretical fundamental research with experiments and applications. The seminar will consist of highlighted invited talks, contributed talks, and a poster session. All participants are strongly encouraged to present a poster or contribute with a talk. Moreover, there will be plenty of time for discussions. The conference language will be English. The Wilhelm and Else Heraeus-Foundation bears the cost of full-board accommodation for all participants. Invited Speakers: Christian Baer (U Potsdam) Thomas Bertuch (Fraunhofer Institute for High Frequency Physics and Radar Techniques, Wachtberg) Diego Betancourt (Fraunhofer Institute for High Frequency Physics and Radar Techniques, Wachtberg) Manuel Freire (U Seville) * Jonathan Gratus (U Lancaster) Friedrich Hehl (U Cologne) Michele Heurs (LU Hannover) Yakov Itin (Einstein Institute of Mathematics, Hebrew U) Irina Khromova (Metaboards StartUp) * Philipp Klais (Johannes Klais Orgelbau GmbH Co. KG, Bonn) Stefanie Kroker (TU Braunschweig und PTB) Ulf Leonhardt (Weizmann Institute) Simone Meduri (Phononic vibes - StartUp) Yuri Obukhov (Academy of Sciences, Moscow) John Pendry (Imperial College London) Christian Pfeifer (U Tartu) Philippe Roux (CNRS) Vahid Sandoghdar (Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Light, Erlangen) Rita Schmidt (U Leiden) Ralf Schuetzhold (Helmholtz-Zentrum, Dresden) Rebecca Seviour (Hudderseld U) Alena Shchelokova (ITMO U) Sophia Sklan (U Colorado, Boulder) Endri Stoja (Fraunhofer Institute for High Frequency Physics and Radar Techniques, Wachtberg) Robin Tucker (U Lancaster) Andrew Webb (U Leiden) Martin Wegener (KIT, Karlsruhe) Silke Weinfurtner (U Nottingham) * to be confirmed Scientific Organizers: Matthias Guenther, Fraunhofer MEVIS, Bremen, Dennis Philipp, ZARM, University of Bremen and Fraunhofer MEVIS, Bremen, Volker Perlick, ZARM, University of Bremen Claus Laemmerzahl, ZARM, University of Bremen We sincerely hope that the present troubles will have subsided by Feb 2022 and that we can meet on site in Bad Honnef! If the situation of the corona pandemic allows at the time of this event, it will be held as a hybrid seminar, enabling the attendees either to participate on site or online. Otherwise it will be held as an online-only seminar (via the platform MeetAnyway). +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1.2. LHAASO Collaboration discussion session, Madrid, Spain (online) --------------------------------------------------------------- Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: https://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/?p=21225 Starting: 2021-06-17 to 2021-06-17 Location: Additional Information: https://indico.capa.unizar.es/event/15/ Contact: giulia.gubitosi[AT]unina.it Event: LHAASO discussion session Date: 17th June 2021, from 9 to 13 h (CET time) Description: Discussion session organized by the COST Action CA18108 "Quantum gravity phenomenology in the multi-messenger approach" (https://qg-mm.unizar.es/) around the revolutionary detection of 12 PeVatrons (very high energy gamma-rays) that the LHAASO collaboration has recently announced (Zhen Cao, F.A. Aharonian et al., Ultrahigh-Energy Photons up to 1.4 Petaelectronvolts from 12 ��-Ray Galactic Sources, Nature 594, 7861 (2021)) and its impact, especially with respect to LIV searches (see e.g., C. Li and B.-Q. Ma, Ultrahigh-Energy Photons from LHAASO as Probes of Lorentz Symmetry Violations, arXiv:2105.07967), which is one of the key topics of research within our Action. - 9:00 CET: Felix Aharonian: PeVatrons, theory - 9:45 CET: Zhen Cao: LHAASO experiment results - 10:30 CET: Bo-Qiang Ma: LIV with LHAASO - 11:15 CET: Free discussion In order to receive the link to this event, please register before 16th June, 14 pm CET time at the following indico page: https://indico.capa.unizar.es/event/15/ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1.3. II International Summer Youth School "Gravity, Cosmology and Astrophysics", Moscow, Russia --------------------------------------------------------------- Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: https://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/?p=21232 Starting: 2021-07-05 to 2021-07-15 Location: Moscow, Russia Additional Information: https://pirt.bmstu.ru/ru/summer-school/ Contact: dekan-fn[AT]mail.ru Bauman Moscow State Technical University, the Laboratory Building, will host the II International Summer Youth School "Gravity, Cosmology and Astrophysics" from 5th to 15th July, 2021. The program is intended for enthusiastic senior students majoring in Theoretical Physics. The working languages of the School are Russian and English. One of the School's main goals is to attract talented Russian young people to scientific research in the field of Fundamental Physics and get them to know the main problems, ideas, and research methods of the modern theory of Gravity and Cosmology. The School is dedicated to the latest discoveries in the field of Gravity, Cosmology, Astrophysics. World-famous scientists from 7 countries will take part in the event. Plenary lectures will be delivered by RAS academicians Vladislav Pustovoit and Alexey Starobinskiy. To participate in the School, you should submit an application to the e-mail dekan-fn[AT]mail.ru Join us! +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1.4. 10th School on Astrophysics and Gravitation, Lisbon, Portugal --------------------------------------------------------------- Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: https://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/?p=21243 Starting: 2021-09-02 to 2021-09-07 Location: Lisbon, Portugal Additional Information: https://centra.tecnico.ulisboa.pt/network/eag10/ Contact: joselemos[AT]ist.utl.pt The Center for Astrophysics and Gravitation (CENTRA) is organizing the 10th edition of its Summer School on Astrophysics and Gravitation, SAG10. The school is open to international applications and the official language of the classes is English. This prestigious summer school takes place every two years and its main objective it to encourage young talents in the pursue of knowledge in the areas of Astrophysics and Gravitation. The school is aimed at MSc students from Physics, Mathematics, and Engineering, and top undergraduate university students of the first, second, and third year in these courses. The school covers several topics spanning from observational astronomy all the way to quantum gravitation, including important research areas such as stars, galaxies, black holes, gravitational waves, and the Universe itself. The primary selection criterion is the course average grade, and priority will be given to students that desire to continue their studies in theses areas of research. The interest of the applicant in these areas should be mentioned in the section "General Comments and Motivation" of the application form. Applications received earlier will be given additional priority in case of a tie between candidates. Venue: Amphitheater PA! in Physics-Mathematics Building of Instituto Superior Tecnico, Lisbon. The school is totally on-site. Maximum number of participants: 23 Important dates: Application deadline: July 15 (Sunday) School: September 2 - 7 (Thursday to Tuesday), 2021 Organizing Committee: Jose Sande Lemos (CENTRA/IST) Ana Mourao (CENTRA/IST) Miguel Zilhao (CENTRA(IST) Sponsors: FCT, IST, CIGeoE Financial support: FCT Project UIBD/00099/2020 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1.5. 19th Conference on Recent Developments in Gravity, (online) --------------------------------------------------------------- Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: https://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/2021/06/26/19th-conference-on-recent-de… Starting: 2021-09-20 to 2021-09-23 Location: Athens, Greece (Online only) Additional Information: https://indico.physics.auth.gr/e/NEB19 Contact: neb19conference[AT]gmail.com The 19th conference in the series "Recent Developments in Gravity" is organized by the Hellenic Society for Relativity, Gravitation and Cosmology. Originally planned to take place in Athens, in September 2020, it is now scheduled as an ONLINE ONLY meeting in September of 2021. The scientific program will include plenary and invited keynotee talks, as well as contributed talks in two parallel sessions. The topics of the conference are: Gravitational Waves, Relativistic Astrophysics, Alternative Theories of Gravity, Mathematical Relativity, Cosmology, Quantum Gravity. Plenary Speakers E. Berti (Johns Hopkins) E. Gourgoulhon (Meudon) R. Gregory (Durham) M. Dafermos (Cambridge/Princeton) S. Katsanevas (EGO-VIRGO) K. Kokkotas (Tuebingen) E. Plionis (NOA, Athens) D. Psaltis (Arizona) Th. Sotiriou (Nottingham) M. Sakellariadou (King's College) S. Weinfurtner (Nottingham) Invited Keynote Speakers A. Gravitational Waves and Relativistic Astrophysics: M. Agathos (Cambridge) Th. Apostolatos (Athens) E. Barausse (SISSA) D. Doneva (Tuebingen) N. Karnesis (Paris) Ch. Markakis (Queen Mary) B. Alternative Theories of Gravity and Cosmology: E. Babichev (Paris) S. Basilakos (Athens) L. Papantonopoulos (Athens) K. Skordis (Prague) S. Yazadjiev (Sofia) C. Mathematical Relativity and Quantum Gravity: Th. Christodoulakis (Athens) L. Glaser (Vienna) A few slots are still available for contributed talks. The call for abstracts will close as soon as all slots are filled. The registration for attending the conference will remain open. There is no conference fee. Scientific Organizing Committee: Christos Charmousis (CNRS - University Paris-Saclay) George Kofinas (University of the Aegean) George Pappas (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki) Emmanuel Saridakis (National Observatory, Athens) Nikolaos Stergioulas (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki) Conference website: https://indico.physics.auth.gr/e/NEB19 Official conference email: neb19conference[AT]gmail.com +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1.6. Training School, "Quantum gravity phenomenology in the multi-messenger approach", Corfu, Greece --------------------------------------------------------------- Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: https://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/?p=21313 Starting: 2021-09-27 to 2021-10-05 Location: Corfu, Greece Additional Information: https://indico.capa.unizar.es/event/17/ Contact: ca18108.corfu[AT]gmail.com Welcome to the First Training School of COST Action CA18108 "Quantum gravity phenomenology in the multi-messenger approach" This is the first of a series of Training Schools organized by the European COST Action CA18108 - "Quantum Gravity Phenomenology in the Multi-Messenger Approach", an initiative funded by the COST Association, whose goal is to investigate possible signatures predicted by quantum gravity models in the observation of different cosmic messengers, such as gamma rays, neutrinos, cosmic rays and gravitational waves. The success of this endeavor requires the close collaboration of scientists from very different backgrounds, ranging from experimentalists specialized in data collection and analyses for specific cosmic messengers, to theorists working on different quantum gravity models. A fundamental ingredient to make such cooperation effective is to share a common language and be familiar with the tools used by the different communities. This is where the role of this school comes in as fundamental: its goal is to start training a generation of young scientists in the interdisciplinary expertise on quantum gravity theories and models and on experimental and theoretical approaches to multi-messenger astroparticle physics. As such, the different editions of the Training School will offer lectures from experts on different facets of the scientific gear the students will acquire, including data analysis and interpretation for individual sources, the creation and analysis of joint datasets of different cosmic messengers, the interplay between quantum gravity theory modeling and phenomenological predictions. The school is aimed at Master and PhD students, as well as early-career postdocs. It will be possible to attend in person in Corfu (preferred mode) or to follow the school online. The lectures will be recorded and the lecture notes will later be published so that it will be possible to use them as preliminary material for the remaining Training Schools (two are foreseen), that will build on the present one to more advanced topics. The school will be followed by the COST CA18108 Second Annual conference. Those interested in participating should register on the Conference website. Dates: July 26: Registration deadline July 31: Confirmation of participation approval and of financial support Sep 26: Arrival/Registration day Oct 06: Departure day +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ============================================== 2. Jobs ============================================== 2.1. PhD position in Gravitational-Wave Modelling, Potsdam, Germany ------------------------------------------------------------- Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: https://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/?p=21213 Deadline: 2021-07-31 Location: Potsdam, Germany Additional Information: https://www.aei.mpg.de/7https://www.aei.mpg.de/716375/job_full_offer_169893… Contact: tim.dietrich[AT]aei.mpg.de The newly-funded Max Planck Fellow group "Multi-messenger Astrophysics of Compact Binaries" invites the opening of a PhD position in gravitational-wave modelling. The Max Planck Fellow group is headed by Tim Dietrich and was established to strengthen the connection between the University of Potsdam and the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert-Einstein Institute, AEI). The successful applicant will work closely together with the Theoretical Astrophysics group at the University of Potsdam (also lead by Dietrich), with the Astrophysical and Cosmological Relativity division led by Alessandra Buonanno and the Computational Relativistic Astrophysics division led by Masaru Shibata, both at the AEI. For this PhD position, we are looking for a student interested in the modeling of gravitational-wave signals. The successful candidate will combine analytical techniques with numerical relativity-simulations to develop gravitational-wave models for binary neutron star and black-hole - neutron-star systems. The student will join the LIGO Scientific Collaboration and be involved in the science exploitation with upcoming gravitational-wave observations. The student will also have the possibility to participate in projects that build the science case for third-generation ground-based detectors, such as the Einstein Telescope and Cosmic Explorer. The student will join the International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS) on Gravitational-Wave Astronomy. Successful applicants will conduct their research projects at the AEI in Potsdam, and they will be enrolled at the University of Potsdam. The expected duration of the PhD program is three years, and it can be extended to four years in exceptional cases. Applicants are required to have a Master degree (or an equivalent degree) in a topic relevant for the PhD position, e.g., Physics, Mathematics or Astronomy/Astrophysics, by the start of the PhD program. The science campus in Potsdam offers a stimulating research environment with three Max-Planck Institutes and two Fraunhofer Institutes. The city of Potsdam is home to over 40 research institutes, and is located just 30 minutes from the city center of Berlin. In order to apply, please fill in the form available on our webpage. You will be asked to upload a cover letter, curriculum vitae, a statement of research interests, your MSc thesis (if available), and a list of publications (if applicable). Applicants also need to indicate the names of three referees for recommendation letters. Referees will be notified by email on how to upload the letters. The Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics is an equal opportunity employer, and is committed to providing employment opportunities to all qualified applicants without regard to race, colour, religion, age, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, or disability. Candidates are encouraged to apply as soon as possible. The deadline for full consideration is July 31st, 2021. Applications will continue to be considered until the position is filled. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2.2. ��Postdoctoral Position in Waveform modeling, Prague, Czech Republic ------------------------------------------------------------- Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: https://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/2021/06/11/%ef%bb%bfpostdoctoral-positi… Deadline: 2021-07-15 Location: Prague, Czech Republic Additional Information: http://www.asu.cas.cz/ Contact: gglukes[AT]asu.cas.cz The Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences invites applications for a post-doctoral position in the Relativistic Astrophysics Group to work with the team involved in the international LISA consortium. Candidates are expected to demonstrate research experience in Waveform modeling of Extreme Mass Ratio Inspirals. Active participation at respective work packages of the Waveform Working Group of the LISA scientific consortium and/or experience with space projects are advantageous factors. The appointment is initially for 7 months; a possible extension is expected upon satisfactory scientific performance and availability of pre-submitted funding applications. The current position will be funded through the PRODEX Experiment project "Development of FSUA for LISA mission - Phase B1", which is supported by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport of the Czech Republic. The salary will be based on the domestic level and it includes full health insurance. Commencement is expected on the 1st of October 2021. Applications containing a Cover Letter, a Curriculum Vitae, a List of Publications, and a Summary of Research Plans should be submitted in a single pdf to: gglukes (at) asu.cas.cz subject: "EMRI postdoc 2021 - Prague" Two recommendation letters have to be sent to the same email addresses with the same subject. The successful candidate must hold a PhD degree in the field and present a certificate of that by the date of employment. Preferences will be given to early-stage researchers. A necessary condition for the appointment is to satisfy the legal requirements for being employed in the Czech Republic. For informal inquiries about the position please feel free to email Georgios Loukes-Gerakopoulos. To receive full consideration please submit your application and arrange your recommendation letters to be sent by 15th of July 2021. Applications will be acknowledged by email. Once the selection process is completed, the successful applicant will be notified. Further information: * See http://www.asu.cas.cz for the list of working groups at the Institute. * See http://www.euraxess.cz for details about the research employment and work conditions in Czech Republic. * See https://www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/comparison.jsp to compare cost of living. Note: Please understand that the COVID-19 challenge may prevent us from admitting applicants from some regions because of legal or travel restrictions related to the current medical situation in the world. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2.3. Postdoctoral fellow in multi-messenger astronomy with gravitational waves, Vancouver, Canada ------------------------------------------------------------- Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: https://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/?p=21250 Deadline: 2021-09-30 Location: Vancouver, Canada Additional Information: https://academicjobsonline.org/ajo/jobs/18783 Contact: mciver[AT]phas.ubc.ca A pan-Canadian partnership of astrophysicists at UBC, McGill, and UToronto invites applications for a postdoctoral fellow position in multi-messenger astronomy. The successful applicant will devote half of their research time to the continued development and deployment of GWSkyNet, a machine-learning algorithm to distinguish true GW signals from detector glitches using publicly available information, for the upcoming LIGO-Virgo observing run, O4. Half of their research time will be used to explore other interests in multi-messenger astronomy with GWs. The researcher in this position will be a key figure in Canadian efforts to identify and study electromagnetic counterparts to gravitational wave candidate events issued by LIGO and Virgo. Researchers with knowledge of (or who are eager to learn about) machine learning methods and/or low latency gravitational-wave alerts are especially encouraged to apply. Experience with gravitational-wave data analysis is an asset, but not a requirement. The position will be located at one of three institutions in Canada: at the University of British Columbia, working with Prof. Jess McIver; McGill University working with Prof. Daryl Haggard; or the University of Toronto, working with Prof. Maria Drout. The primary host institution will be negotiated at the time of hire. Wherever the successful applicant is based, they will have frequent interactions with the other Canadian and international partners in the project. The successful applicant will have access to competitive Canadian telescope facilities, e.g., the Canada France Hawaii Telescope and twin Gemini Observatories, as well as world-class computing facilities through Compute Canada and institutional resources. The position will ideally start before Spring 2022 (or earlier if possible), ahead of the next LIGO-Virgo observing run, expected in mid-2022. This is a two-year position with a competitive annual salary of 65,000 CAD plus benefits awarded by the host institution. We will begin reviewing application materials on July 15, 2021, and continue reviewing until the position is filled. For more information, or to apply, please see https://academicjobsonline.org/ajo/jobs/18783. The project team leadership is committed to fostering a welcoming and inclusive environment for all team members. We strongly encourage researchers from underrepresented groups in physics and astronomy to apply. This position is accessible to researchers with disabilities and working environment constraints. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2.4. Postdoctoral positions in computational relativity/cosmology/fluid dynamics, IBM, Daresbury, UK ------------------------------------------------------------- Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: https://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/2021/06/16/postdoctoral-positions-in-co… Deadline: 2021-06-23 Location: Daresbury, UK Additional Information: https://ibm.biz/FLFpostdocs? Contact: eloisa.bentivegna[AT]ibm.com IBM Research is seeking to fill three postdoctoral positions, with start dates in the second half of 2021. Candidates with a background in any aspect of numerical relativity, computational cosmology, and/or fluid dynamics are invited to apply. Evidence of strong competence in large-scale scientific computing is required. Previous experience with optimization, AI/ML techniques, heterogeneous computing, or past involvement with industrial research projects would be an advantage. Applications should be submitted via our online system (see external link), and will be reviewed immediately. The deadline for full consideration is June 23, but the positions will remain open until suitable candidates are appointed. Applications from traditionally underrepresented groups are especially welcome. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2.5. Assistant Professor of Physics, Rhode Island, USA ------------------------------------------------------------- Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: https://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/?p=21259 Deadline: 2021-09-15 Location: Kingston, RI, USA Additional Information: https://jobs.uri.edu/postings/8169 Contact: gkhanna[AT]uri.edu APPLICATION DEADLINE: The search will remain open until the position has been filled. First consideration will be given to applications received by September 15, 2021. Second consideration may be given to applications received by October 31, 2021. Applications received subsequent to second consideration date (October 31, 2021) may not be given full consideration. The Physics Department at the University of Rhode Island (URI) invites applications for a full-time tenure-track position of an Assistant Professor of Physics beginning in the fall of 2022, specifically for a theorist or computational physicist working in the field of Quantum Information Science. Considerations will be given to applicants who can show expertise and creative ideas for their role as researcher, mentor, and teacher in the Quantum Information Science program of the URI Physics Department. Complementing points of contact with ongoing research programs in biological physics, medical physics, surface and thin film physics, ultrafast spectroscopy, nonlinear optics, astrophysics, and statistical physics are a plus. The successful candidate will teach undergraduate and graduate physics courses, advise undergraduate and graduate students in the research component toward BS, MS, and PhD degrees, and be active in service at the levels of Department, College, and University. The position comes with funds to support a postdoc for the second year of appointment to help jump start a strong and externally funded research program. Required qualifications: 1. PhD in Physics. 2. Postdoctoral experience. 3. Record of scholarly achievement (publications, presentations, awards). 4. Demonstrated ability to be an effective teacher of undergraduate and/or graduate physics courses. 5. Well-conceived research plan with potential to attract external funding. 6. Demonstrated proficiency in written and oral communication skills. 7. Demonstrated ability to work with diverse groups/populations. ALL REQUIREMENTS ARE SUBJECT TO POSSIBLE MODIFICATION TO REASONABLY ACCOMMODATE INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2.6. Fellowships at the Nottingham Centre of Gravity, Nottingham, UK ------------------------------------------------------------- Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: https://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/?p=21262 Deadline: 2021-07-15 Location: Nottingham Additional Information: https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/researchwithus/fellowships/nottingham… Contact: Thomas.Sotiriou[AT]nottingham.ac.uk The School of Mathematical Sciences and the School of Physics and Astronomy of the University of Nottingham are launching the Nottingham Centre of Gravity (NCoG). The Centre will bring together Nottingham's internationally leading expertise in gravitational physics and expand it into new areas. It will be built on six overlapping pillars of gravitational research: fundamental physics, mathematics, cosmology, relativistic astrophysics, experiment, and data & modeling. Members of the CoG include Tasos Avgoustidis, Clare Burrage, John Barrett, Ed Copeland, Anne Green, Kirill Krasnov, Jorma Louko, Adam Moss, Tony Padilla, Paul Saffin, Thomas Sotiriou, and Silke Weinfurtner. The NCoG is very keen to host research fellowship that relate to all of the above research areas. We also aim to extend the Centre's areas of expertise in directions such as, waveform modelling and data analysis, numerics in General Relativity and beyond, relativistic astrophysics and strong field tests of general relativity, cosmology with gravitational waves; amplitudes, string theory and supergravity, and plan to use long term fellowships as a vehicle for doing so. A variety of potential fellowships are available, including: Long-term Fellowships (Assistant Professor Level) Nottingham Research Fellowships and Anne McLaren Fellowships (internally funded- scheme will reopen in July) 3-year fellowships linked to a permanent post. Anne McLaren Fellowships are aimed at outstanding female researchers. https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/researchwithus/fellowships/nottingham… STFC Ernest Rutherford Fellowships (next call expected in July) 5-year fellowships funded by the STFC https://stfc.ukri.org/funding/fellowships/ernest-rutherford-fellowship/ Royal Society University Research Fellowships 5-year fellowships funded by the Royal Society, with potential extension to 8 years https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/grants/university-research/ Dorothy Hodgkin Fellowships (next call expected in September) 4-year fellowships funded by the Royal Society, for candidates with a need for flexible support https://royalsociety-org.ezproxy.nottingham.ac.uk/grants-schemes-awards/gra… We would also welcome expression of interest from researchers that would be interested in applying for ERC grants with the CoG as a host. Nottingham University has an excellent track record of transitioning long-term fellows into permanent academic positions Expressions of interest for the long-term fellowships above should be sent to Thomas.Sotiriou[AT]nottingham.ac.uk and should include a CV and a brief description of your general research direction (a draft proposal is not necessary a this stage). For the case of Ernest Rutherford Fellowships and Royal Society URFs, we ask that you do this by July 15, 2021, since we need some time to decide which candidates we plan to support. Postdoctoral fellowships Marie Sklodowska-Curie actions (call open) Postdoctoral fellowship funded by the European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/research/mariecurieactions/ Stephen Hawking Fellowships (next call expected in September) 4-year postdoctoral fellowships funded by UKRI https://www.ukri.org/opportunity/stephen-hawking-fellowship/ Royal Astronomical Society and Daphne Jackson Fellowships RAS postdoctoral Fellowships provide support for up to 3 years. (Next call expected in October) The Daphne Jackson Trust offers flexible, part-time, paid Fellowships, normally for two years. (Applications are accepted year round.) https://ras.ac.uk/awards-and-grants/fellowships 1851 Research Fellowships 3-year postdoctoral fellowship funded by the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 https://royalcommission1851.org/fellowships/research-fellowships If you are interested in applying for a Postdoctoral Fellowship with NCoG as a host please contact the member of the centre (see list above) that is closest to your research interests to discuss you application. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2.7. Postdoctoral Position in Theoretical Physics, Kyoto, Japan ------------------------------------------------------------- Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: https://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/?p=21267 Deadline: 2021-07-18 Location: Kyoto, Japan Additional Information: https://www.yukawa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/news/n355?lang=en-GB Contact: shinji.mukohyama[AT]yukawa.kyoto-u.ac.jp A post-doctoral position starting October 2021 is available for a suitably qualified individual to work in the Astrophysics and Cosmology Group at Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University. For the members and activity of the group, please refer to the webpage: https://www.yukawa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/en-GB/contents/labs/astro . The position is funded by MEXT KAKENHI Grant Number 17H06359 "New developments of gravity theory research in gravitational wave physics/astronomy" (PI: Shinji Mukohyama). The monthly salary will be approximately 300,000 yen. Eligible for health insurance, employee's pension insurance, employment insurance, workmen's accident compensation insurance. A small amount of research grant will be provided. Depending on research experience, the title of research assistant professor may be granted. Applicants must have a Ph.D. degree or equivalent by the time of the appointment. The appointment will begin on October 1, 2021 and end on September 30, 2022. The applicant should submit the following documents in PDF format by email to Shinji Mukohyama with the subject line "Postdoc application", by July 18, 2021: (1) CV (2) publication list (3) research statement (4) contact details of two references +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2.8. Royal Society and STFC 5-year Fellowships, Sheffield, UK ------------------------------------------------------------- Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: https://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/?p=21270 Deadline: 2021-07-07 Location: Sheffield, UK Additional Information: https://gravity-cosmology.group.shef.ac.uk/ Contact: s.c.gielen[AT]sheffield.ac.uk The School of Mathematics and Statistics at the University of Sheffield plans to support applications for five-year fellowships in 2021/22, in particular for the University Research Fellowship and Dorothy Hodgkin Fellowship (both funded by the Royal Society) and for the Ernest Rutherford Fellowship (funded by the Science and Technology Facilities Council). These are advanced fellowships targeting early career scientists with some postdoctoral experience, who have the potential to become leaders in their field. Details about these fellowships and the application procedure can be found on the following websites: https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/grants/university-research/ https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/grants/dorothy-hodgkin-fello… https://stfc.ukri.org/funding/research-grants/funding-opportunities/funding… https://stfc.ukri.org/funding/fellowships/ernest-rutherford-fellowship/ The application deadline for the University Research Fellowship is 7 September 2021, the deadline for the Ernest Rutherford Fellowship is 16 September 2021, and the deadline for the Dorothy Hodgkin Fellowship is 10 November 2021. Current members of the School working on Cosmology, Relativity and Gravitation (CRAG) include Sam Dolan, Steffen Gielen, Carsten van de Bruck and Elizabeth Winstanley. Our current research focuses on cosmology and general relativity, black hole physics, quantum field theory on curved spacetime and quantum gravity. We are interested in supporting research proposals that complement our existing research. Expressions of interest should be sent to Dr Steffen Gielen at the address s.c.gielen[AT]sheffield.ac.uk. They should include a full CV and publication list, but a research proposal is not necessary at this stage. We will start reviewing applications after 7 July 2021 and plan to conclude the internal selection process by early August 2021. We are committed to diversity and equality within our community and particularly welcome expressions of interest from minority groups, women, persons with disabilities and persons of any sexual orientation or gender identity. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2.9. Computational Scientist, Rhode Island, USA ------------------------------------------------------------- Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: https://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/?p=21274 Deadline: 2021-08-15 Location: Kingston, RI, USA Additional Information: https://jobs.uri.edu/postings/8215 Contact: gkhanna[AT]uri.edu The University of Rhode Island is seeking a computational scientist to assist researchers in their use of HPC and other computing systems. A (partial) remote working scenario is a possibility. There would also be the possibility for the hire to join ongoing scientific research efforts and/or even have their own research program. BASIC FUNCTION: Work directly with faculty and students to develop or improve specialized programming and algorithms for high performance and research computing, including big data processing to ensure good use of computational resources as well as good results for faculty and students. Backup to High Performance Computing (HPC) Manager for server administration and HPC Core Facility maintenance. ESSENTIAL DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES: Database, software, and data workflow installation, maintenance and support. Provide support for the development, use and modification of algorithms and other analysis software (data mining, machine learning, signal processing, mathematical) for the understanding and interpretation of data. Provide assistance to scholars in determining the appropriate and cost-effective environments in which to carry out their research (cloud computing, regional or national data repositories and supercomputers, other federal and institutional research computing resources, etc.), including optimization of research computing software and algorithms. Participate in the training of scholars and students on campus for the use of the HPC and research computing facilities to support research, education and outreach to industrial and governmental partners. Administer, maintain, and program high performance and research computing environment that may include cloud-based systems, as well as local physical and virtual systems. Work with the HPC Manager to proactively and reactively identify and solve operational and software problems. Install and test new equipment and upgrades, as well as cloud-based solutions. Install and develop tools as necessary for system administration. Collaborate with URI Information Security to properly secure the environment and any related information services: cloud-based or on premise. Partner with and assist researchers in grant applications, as appropriate. Collaborate with appropriate university HPC and Research Computing Directors, Council(s) and Committee(s) to ensure understanding of research and educational needs, hardware and software needs, options and tradeoffs. Provide user training workshops and online documentation. Respond to user problems and requests. Assist the CIO and appropriate university Council(s) and Committee(s) in budget development and with short and long-range planning for high performance and research computing. Supervise student workers, as needed. OTHER DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES: Perform other duties as assigned by supervisor. LICENSES, TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT: Computer clusters and servers. REQUIRED: 1. Bachelor's degree in a computer science or discipline requiring analytical and computational skills. 2. Minimum three years' experience in programming in at least one of: C, FORTRAN, Python or other major scientific computing language. 3. Demonstrated strong interpersonal and verbal communications skills. 4. Demonstrated proficiency in written communication skills. 5. Demonstrated data and large file systems management. 6. Demonstrated troubleshooting skills. 7. Demonstrated ability to work with diverse groups/populations. PREFERRED: 1. Master's and/or Ph.D. in computer science or STEM discipline. 2. Demonstrated experience in a large scale (1000+ CPU cores) high performance computing environment. 3. Minimum of two years' experience in Linux systems administration. 4. Demonstrated experience in a university environment. 5. Demonstrated familiarity with schedulers such as SLURM (Simple Linux Utility for Resource Management). 6. Demonstrated familiarity with design of HPC systems. 7. Demonstrated experience scripting in Perl, R, Python or Bash. 8. Demonstrated advanced knowledge of programming languages such as FORTRAN, C or C++. 9. Demonstrated advanced knowledge of parallel programming with OpenMP, MPI, and CUDA. 10. Demonstrated familiarity with virtualization environments for running background research applications. 11. Demonstrated familiarity with Big Data applications. 12. Demonstrated experience with hardware installation. 13. Minimum one year experience in HPC user support and training. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2.10. PhD position in Gravitational-Wave Modeling, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Potsdam, Germany ------------------------------------------------------------- Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: https://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/?p=21292 Deadline: 2021-08-25 Location: Potsdam, Germany Additional Information: https://www.aei.mpg.de/738217/phd-position-modeling-gravitational-waves-fro… Contact: andre.schirotzek[AT]aei.mpg.de PhD position in modeling gravitational waves from merging black holes in the small-mass ratio limit: The Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute, AEI) in Potsdam, Germany, announces the opening of one PhD position in the International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS) for Gravitational-Wave Astronomy in Potsdam. The latter is comprised of the AEI's "Astrophysical and Cosmological Relativity" division, the AEI's "Computational Relativistic Astrophysics" division, the University of Potsdam, the Humboldt University of Berlin, and the Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics. For this PhD position, we are looking for a student (m/f/d) interested in modeling gravitational-waves emitted during the late inspiral, merger and ringdown of a binary black-hole coalescence in the small-mass ratio limit. The successful candidate will combine analytical techniques to solve the relativistic two-body problem with numerical simulations obtained solving the Einstein equations in the small-mass ratio limit (notably the Teukolsky equations). The results will be used to improve the next-generation waveform models, currently under development, and achieve the high precision required by upcoming LIGO and Virgo observation runs, and future detectors on the ground (Einstein Telescope and Cosmic Explorer) and in space (LISA). Our graduate students are exposed to a variety of research topics and have access to a world-wide research network, including international partner universities (University of Maryland and the Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics at Kyoto University), the LIGO Scientific Collaboration, and the LISA consortium. Students may also participate in building the science case for third generation ground-based detectors, such as the Einstein Telescope and Cosmic Explorer. The two research divisions at the AEI operate three high-performance computer clusters to carry out source modelling and data-analysis studies, and to run numerical-relativity simulations of binary black holes, compact objects with matter, and the core collapse of massive stars. For an overview and curriculum of the IMPRS and its associated research groups, please visit the website of the IMPRS on gravitational-wave astronomy in Potsdam. Successful applicants will conduct their research projects at the AEI in Potsdam, and they will be enrolled either at the University of Potsdam or the Humboldt University in Berlin. The expected duration of the PhD program is three years, and it can be extended to four years in exceptional cases. Applicants are required to have a Master degree (or an equivalent degree) in a topic relevant for the PhD position, e.g., Physics, Mathematics or Astronomy/Astrophysics, by the start of the PhD program. The science campus in Potsdam offers a stimulating research environment with three Max-Planck Institutes and two Fraunhofer Institutes. The city of Potsdam is home to over 40 research institutes, and is located just 30 minutes from the city center of Berlin. Please apply via our online application portal. You will be asked to upload a cover letter, curriculum vitae, your university transcripts, a statement of research interests, your MSc thesis (if available), and a list of publications (if applicable). Applicants also need to indicate the names of three referees for recommendation letters. Referees will be notified by email on how to upload the letters. The Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics is an equal opportunity employer, and is committed to providing employment opportunities to all qualified applicants without regard to race, color, religion, age, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, or disability. Candidates are encouraged to apply as soon as possible. The deadline for full consideration is August 25th, 2021. Applications will continue to be considered until the position is filled. The expected starting date of the PhD position is as early as the Fall-Winter 2021. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2.11. One PhD and one Postdoctoral Position: Gravitational Wave Probes of Dark Matter and Phase Transitions in Neutron Stars, Frankfurt, Germany ------------------------------------------------------------- Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: https://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/?p=21303 Deadline: 2021-07-31 Location: Frankfurt, Germany Additional Information: https://crc-tr211.org Contact: sagunski[AT]itp.uni-frankfurt.de The Institute of Theoretical Physics at the Faculty of Physics at Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany, invites applications for a 1 PhD student position (all genders welcome) (E13 TV-G-U, 65%-part-time) and 1 postdoctoral position (all genders welcome) (E13 TV-G-U, 100%-full-time) at the interface of theoretical gravitational wave physics, nuclear astrophysics and numerical relativity, with a starting date as soon as possible. The salary grades are based on the job characteristics of the collective agreement (TV-G-U) applicable to Goethe University. The positions are funded by the DFG Collaborative Research Center CRC-TR 211 "Strong-interaction matter under extreme conditions" as part of the research project B09 on "Probing strong-interaction matter with gravitational waves from neutron-star mergers". Their duration is limited to the funding period of the CRC-TR 211 which ends in June 2025. Job description: The successful candidates will work with Prof. Luciano Rezzolla, Prof. Laura Sagunski and Prof. J��rgen Schaffner-Bielich and pursue cutting-edge research at the interface of gravitational wave physics, nuclear astrophysics and numerical relativity to explore the influence of dark matter on the properties of neutron stars, their merger dynamics and gravitational wave signatures. This will in include in particular modeling dark matter cores and phase transitions in numerical simulations of neutron star binary mergers. The prospective candidates will closely interact with the other members of the CRC-TR 211 and the Astrophysics Groups at the Institute of Theoretical Physics and at the Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS). Qualification requirements: The ideal candidates have, respectively, a Master's/PhD degree in physics or astrophysics for the PhD/postdoc position, a strong background in theoretical gravitational wave physics, nuclear astrophysics and/or numerical relativity, and solid knowledge of at least one programming language (Python, C++, Fortran). Experience with general-relativistic numerical simulations is of advantage but not a prerequisite for the PhD position. Application material and deadline: Applications, including a cover letter, curriculum vitae, a short research summary and outlook, a copy of the Master's/PhD certificate, and two (for PhD) or three (for postodoc) reference letters should be sent electronically to: Mrs Astrid Steidl (steidl(a)itp.uni-frankfurt.de) and CC-ed to rezzolla(a)itp.uni-frankfurt.de, sagunski(a)itp.uni-frankfurt.de and schaffner(a)astro.uni-frankfurt.de. Applicants should also arrange for two letters of recommendation to be sent separately to the e-mail addresses above. The application deadline is July 31, 2021. The CRC-TR 211 and Goethe University are strongly committed to equal opportunities and place great importance on ensuring welcoming working conditions and a work-family balance for all its employees. We particularly welcome applications from women and members of underrepresented groups in our field. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2.12. Multiple Post-docs/Research Fellow positions in Gravitational Wave Science and Technology, Canberra, Australia ------------------------------------------------------------- Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: https://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/2021/07/01/multiple-post-docs-research-… Deadline: 2021-07-28 Location: Canberra, Australia Additional Information: https://jobs.anu.edu.au/cw/en/job/540897/postdoctoral-fellow-research-fellow Contact: bram.slagmolen[AT]anu.edu.au The Centre for Gravitational Astrophysics at The Australian National University is seeking to appoint multiple experimental physicists or engineers to share our passion in developing optical instrumentation for precision interferometry for the science goals related to gravitational-wave detection. The projects involved are related to LIGO instrumentation, space-based missions, and third generation gravitational wave detectors such a NEMO. We strongly encourage and support applications from women and from diverse backgrounds for these positions. Application closing date is 28 July 2021. Please note: The successful candidate must have rights to live and work in this country and will be required to undergo a background check during the recruitment process. An offer of employment is conditional on satisfactory results. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2.13. PhD Position in Quantum Gravity, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ------------------------------------------------------------- Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: https://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/?p=21317 Deadline: 2021-09-08 Location: Nijmegen, The Netherlands Additional Information: https://www.hef.ru.nl/~rloll/Web/jobs/jobs.html Contact: r.loll[AT]science.ru.nl A PhD position in Quantum Gravity is available at Radboud's Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP) under the supervision of Prof. Renate Loll. The research is aimed at improving our quantitative understanding of four-dimensional quantum gravity and quantum spacetime in a nonperturbative, near-Planckian regime, including matter interactions, and using a combination of numerical and analytical tools. The successful candidate will become part of a large and active research group in quantum and classical/strong gravity, comprising senior members J. Ambjorn (part-time), B. Bonga, T. Budd, B. Dittrich (part-time/visitor), B. Krishnan, R. Loll and F. Saueressig, and a sizeable group of PhD students and postdocs. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ============================================== 3. News ============================================== 3.1. New book: Seven Fundamental Concepts in Spacetime Physics (SpringerBriefs in Physics) ------------------------------------------------------------ Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: https://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/2021/06/15/new-book-springerbriefs-in-p… Additional Information: https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030756376 The book presents seven fundamental concepts in spacetime physics mostly by following Hermann Minkowski's revolutionary ideas summarized in his 1908 lecture "Space and Time." These concepts are: spacetime, inertial and accelerated motion in spacetime physics, the origin and nature of inertia in spacetime physics, relativistic mass, gravitation, gravitational waves, and black holes. They have been selected because they appear to be causing most misconceptions and confusion in spacetime physics. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3.2. Living Reviews in Relativity: "Relativistic fluid dynamics: physics for many different scales" ------------------------------------------------------------ Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: https://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/2021/06/24/living-reviews-in-relativity… Additional Information: https://www.springer.com/gp/livingreviews/relativity The open-access journal Living Reviews in Relativity has published an updated review article on 24 June 2021: Nils Andersson and Gregory L. Comer, "Relativistic fluid dynamics: physics for many different scales", Living Rev Relativ 24, 3 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41114-021-00031-6 Major revision; updated and expanded the 2007 edition. Change details: This revision represents a significant revision/update of the review. We have expanded the discussion to make it more pedagogical (introducing new sections on thermodynamics and matter equations of state as well as general variational principles), added sections to account for more physics (electromagnetism, elasticity and heat conductivity) and made contact with state of the art numerical relativity simulations and a range of issues (from cosmology to AdS/CFT and field theory models). The discussion of the relevant literature has been expanded by the addition of more than 300 new references. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

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