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1. Conferences 1.1. Global meeting of the GWVerse COST action, Lisbon, Portugal 1.2. Gravitex 2021: International Conference on Gravitation- Theory and Experiment (online) 1.3. 14th Edoardo Amaldi Conference on Gravitational Waves (online) 1.4. Singularity theorems, causality and all that; a tribute to Roger Penrose (online) 1.5. The 24th Capra Meeting, Waterloo, Canada (2nd announcement) 1.6. Regular black holes in quantum gravity and beyond - from theory to shadow observations (online) 1.7. Online Philosophy of Lambda workshop (online) 1.8. ICTS summer school on GW astronomy (online) 1.9. "Quarks" workshop: Quantum Gravity and Cosmology (online) 1.10. "Quarks" workshop: Modification of Gravity: Theories and Observations (online) 1.11. Detection and Analysis of Gravitational Waves in the Era of Multi-Messenger Astronomy: From Mathematical Modelling to Machine Learning, Oaxaca, Mexico 1.12. North American EinsteinToolkit Virtual School (online) 1.13. Spanish Portuguese Relativity Meeting 2021 (EREP2021; online) - 2nd announcement
2. Jobs 2.1. Postdoctoral position at UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico 2.2. Assistant Professor in Astroparticle Physics at the University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA 2.3. Postdoctoral Researcher in Experimental High Energy Nuclear Physics, Lawrence, Kansas, USA 2.4. Assistant Professor in Theoretical Physics, Krakow, Poland 2.5. Visiting Professorship at Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto, Japan 2.6. Faculty positions at the Assistant Professor level, L'Aquila, Italy
3. News 3.1. 2021 Awards for Essays on Gravitation (results) 3.2. 2022 Awards for Essays on Gravitation 3.3. The Twenty-Second Release of the Einstein Toolkit 3.4. Sixteenth Marcel Grossmann Meeting on General Relativity (MG16, 3rd announcement, online)
============================================== 1. Conferences ============================================== 1.1. Global meeting of the GWVerse COST action, Lisbon, Portugal --------------------------------------------------------------- Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: https://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/2021/05/05/global-meeting-of-the-gwverse...
Starting: 2021-08-30 to 2021-09-03 Location: Lisbon, Portugal
Additional Information: https://gwverse.tecnico.ulisboa.pt/activities/global-meeting-gwverse-cost-ac... Contact: david.hilditch[AT]tecnico.ulisboa.pt
Dear friends and colleagues,
We are happy to announce the 2021 GWverse meeting, to be held in Lisbon, Portugal, 30 Aug - 03 September 2021. For further details, including instructions for registration, please see the webpage
https://gwverse.tecnico.ulisboa.pt/activities/global-meeting-gwverse-cost-ac...
In 2016, a short time before the announcement of the first gravitational-wave detection, a cross-disciplinary initiative in Europe led to the establishment of the new CA16104 COST networking Action on "Black holes, gravitational waves and fundamental physics" ("GWverse"). GWverse aims to maintain and consolidate leadership in black-hole physics and gravitational-wave science. The Action supports the training of the next generation of leaders in the field, and the very first "native" GW/multi-messenger astronomers, ready to tackle the challenges of high-precision GW astronomy with ground and space-based detectors.
The fourth and final global meeting of the Action will be a hybrid meeting. The meeting will be remote (via Zoom), with its core programme taking place in the afternoons, from 30 Aug - 03 September 2021. However, for those willing and able to be in Lisbon in person, there will be additional sessions in the morning in the wonderful academy of Sciences of Lisbon. A meeting of the board of the action is scheduled for the morning of Aug 30.
There are no conference fees, and COST can provide financial support (as a daily allowance) to some participants, upon request and on a first-come first-served basis.
All the best,
Vitor Cardoso and David Hilditch
(On behalf of the local organizing committee) +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
1.2. Gravitex 2021: International Conference on Gravitation- Theory and Experiment (online) --------------------------------------------------------------- Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: https://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/2021/05/09/gravitex-2021-international-c...
Starting: 2021-08-09 to 2021-08-12 Location: Durban, South Africa
Additional Information: https://astro.ukzn.ac.za/~gravitex2021/ Contact: hansrajs[AT]ukzn.ac.za
Gravitex 2021: International Conference on Gravitation - Theory and Experiment will be hosted by the Astrophysics Research Centre of the University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa from 9 to 12 August 2021 online by Zoom. The conference will explore the interface between the theoretical foundations of gravity, including modifications of the standard theory, recent observational highlights, and their interconnection. The programme will be hosted online via the Zoom platform. Details will be posted on the conference website.
The format of the conference will involve Plenary General talks of 30 - 45 minute duration as well as Plenary Focused talks of 30 minutes duration by leading researchers in gravitation. Contributed talks (20 minutes) and posters (8 minutes presentation with at most 3 slides) will also be welcomed. Important dates regarding abstract submission and other information is contained on the conference website https://astro.ukzn.ac.za/~gravitex2021/. Please note that there is NO REGISTRATION FEE.
Confirmed plenary speakers include: Latham Boyle (Perimeter Institute, Canada), Martin Bucher (University of Paris/CNRS, France), Rong Gen Cai (Academy of Sciences, China), Naresh Dadhich (IUCAA, India), George Ellis (University of Cape Town, South Africa), Nick Kaiser (ENS, France), Roy Maartens (University of the Western Cape, South Africa), Amanda Weltman (University of Cape Town, South Africa), Alan Coley (Dalhousie University, Canada), Alexei Starobinsky ( Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences), Luis Herrera (University of Salamanca, Spain), Salvatore Capozziello (University of Naples Federico II), Sushant G. Ghosh (Centre for Theoretical Physics, Jamia Milia Islamia), Matthew Hilton (Astrophysics Research Centre, University of KwaZulu Natal), Kavilan Moodley (Astrophysics Research Centre, University of KwaZulu Natal), Francisco Lobo (University of Lisbon, Portugal), Narayan Banerjee (IIESER, Kolkata, India), Sergey Chervon (Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University, Russia). The list of Plenary speakers is being updated regularly as confirmations are received. The latest list is on the conference website.
Delegates are kindly requested to complete the Registration formalities on our website. Opportunity to submit an abstract and talk title will be available again after Registration. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
1.3. 14th Edoardo Amaldi Conference on Gravitational Waves (online) --------------------------------------------------------------- Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: https://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/?p=21100
Starting: 2021-07-19 to 2021-07-23 Location: (online)
Additional Information: https://www.amaldi14.org/ Contact: info[AT]ozgrav.org
Amaldi14 is the premier forum for the fields of gravitational wave science and gravitational wave detection. Following the first detection of gravitational waves in 2015, followed by the first observations of the collision of two neutron stars in 2017, the field has been expanding rapidly to exploit this new window on the Universe. Held biannually, the Amaldi meetings are more important than ever before for bringing together the diverse and emergent research associated with gravitational waves from across the world. They are organized under the auspices of the Gravitational Wave International Committee (GWIC). The conference addresses the full range of gravitational wave science, including future detectors. Emphasis will be placed on the connection between gravitational wave science and the fields of observational astrophysics and multi-messenger astronomy, and progress in modelling waveforms arising from various astrophysical sources.
Amaldi14 will be held as a virtual event on July 19-23, 2021. Further information including the program of science talks and parallel sessions, poster sessions will be continuously updated on our website.
Please ensure you register for the event, and we look forward to see you (virtually) in July! +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
1.4. Singularity theorems, causality and all that; a tribute to Roger Penrose (online) --------------------------------------------------------------- Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: https://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/2021/05/10/singularity-theorems-causalit...
Starting: 2021-06-14 to 2021-06-18 Location: online
Additional Information: https://sites.google.com/unifi.it/scri21/ Contact: ettore.minguzzi[AT]unifi.it
Last December Roger Penrose was awarded (one half of) the 2020 Nobel prize for "the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity", that is, for his 1965 gravitational collapse singularity theorem.
Unfortunately, this important news came during the Covid-19 emergency which prevented this event to be celebrated as deserved. Jointly with his 1963 study of the conformal boundary, Penrose's 1965 theorem marked the beginning of causality methods in mathematical relativity giving impulse to mathematical relativity itself.
This meeting is meant to honor Roger Penrose's accomplishments in mathematical relativity, particularly his use of global differential geometric methods in general relativity. Given the extent of Penrose's contributions, the idea is to focus just on the following themes more closely related to the Nobel prize motivation and to Penrose's mathematical methods:
1) Causality theory and singularity theorems (including abstract frameworks, low differentiability studies, weakened energy conditions) 2) Causal/conformal boundaries 3) Cosmic censorship (mostly from a differential geometric viewpoint)
Our goal is to gather researchers who use in their work Penrose's differential geometric methods or who have an interest in them and some perspectives to share. We wish that this meeting could summarize the present status of mathematical relativity research in the above areas.
While the deadline for abstract submissions is May 20, 2021, late submissions might be considered. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
1.5. The 24th Capra Meeting, Waterloo, Canada (2nd announcement) --------------------------------------------------------------- Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: https://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/?p=21107
Starting: 2021-06-07 to 2021-06-11 Location: Waterloo, Canada
Additional Information: https://events.perimeterinstitute.ca/event/7/ Contact: smohl[AT]perimeterinstitute.ca
This is a second announcement for "The 24th Capra meeting on Radiation Reaction in General Relativity", which will be held virtually via Perimeter Institute from June 7-11, 2021.
Registration for this event closes on Friday May 21. Abstract's submission will also close on this date.
The Capra meeting is an annual workshop on the topic of radiation reaction in general relativity. The primary focus of these workshops is the development of self-force techniques to model extreme mass ratio inspirals and further our understanding of the two-body problem in General Relativity.
This proposed format of this week-long conference will consist of one review talk each day (approximately 40 minutes), several contributed talks (approximately 15-20 minutes) daily, and one discussion session (approximately 60-100 minutes) daily. The format might vary somewhat depending on the number of online submissions. Confirmed invited speakers include Bernard Whiting, Katie Breivik, Maarten van de Meent, and Eva Hackmann among others.
For the first time, there will also be an invited talk on equity, diversity and inclusion (EDI) - please note the EDI tab on the website for more information from the Capra EDI Team,
At Capra, we provide equal opportunities regardless of gender, age, race, disability, ethnic origin, religion, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, civil status, or family status. We urge all those with an interest in research on self-force and extreme mass-ratio inspirals to register for this meeting and submit an abstract for a presentation. Past and current attendees should encourage a broad spectrum of their colleagues to apply.
We hope that you will be able to join us at this exciting event and look forward to seeing you online in June 2021!
Anna Heffernan, Perimeter Institute and University of Guelph Beatrice Bonga, Radboud University Nijmegen Daniel Siegel, Perimeter Institute and University of Guelph Eric Poisson, University of Guelph Erik Schnetter, Perimeter Institute Huan Yang, Perimeter Institute and University of Guelph Luis Lehner, Perimeter Institute +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
1.6. Regular black holes in quantum gravity and beyond - from theory to shadow observations (online) --------------------------------------------------------------- Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: https://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/?p=21116
Starting: 2021-10-18 to 2021-10-22 Location: online
Additional Information: https://sites.google.com/view/regular-bh-shadows-workshop/home Contact: eichhorn[AT]cp3.sdu.dk
Now is a defining time for black-hole research on three fronts:
First, observations by the Event Horizon Telescope enable horizon-scale-probes of black-hole geometries.
Second, studies of regular black holes have given rise to potential observational features on the one hand and questions of dynamical stability on the other hand.
Third, several quantum-gravity proposals have motivated regular black-hole metrics.
These developments suggest that it is time to bring the relevant communities together for an intensive discussion of regular black holes, their status in and beyond quantum gravity, and the observational prospects for their shadows. The aim of the workshop is to trigger constructive discussions that engage these different communities that, when brought together, may bridge from fundamental theory development in gravity all the way to observations. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
1.7. Online Philosophy of Lambda workshop (online) --------------------------------------------------------------- Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: https://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/?p=21133
Starting: 2021-06-16 to 2021-06-16 Location: online
Additional Information: https://www.history-and-philosophy-of-physics.com/events.html Contact: jdobosze[AT]uni-bonn.de
ONLINE PHILOSOPHY OF LAMBDA WORKSHOP
Wednesday 16th of June 2021 Online via Zoom
This online workshop focuses on various philosophical aspects of Lambda, i.e., dark energy / the cosmological constant / vacuum energy. Info and free registration (by 8 June): https://www.history-and-philosophy-of-physics.com/events.html
All times below are in CEST.
14:30-15:30: Nora Mills Boyd (Siena College) "Do's and Don'ts from DES: Epistemic challenges in combining constraints from multiple dark energy probes"
15:45-16:45: Genco Guralp (San Diego State University) "Dark Energy Measurements with Type Ia Supernovae: Mapping the Systematic Uncertainty Terrain"
17:00-19:00: Debate - The Cosmological Constant Problem Adam Koberinski (University of Waterloo and University of Bonn) Mike Schneider (University of Pittsburgh) David Wallace (University of Pittsburgh) +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
1.8. ICTS summer school on GW astronomy (online) --------------------------------------------------------------- Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: https://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/?p=21143
Starting: 2021-07-05 to 2021-07-16 Location: Virtual on Zoom (hosted by ICTS, Bangalore)
Additional Information: https://www.icts.res.in/program/gws2021 Contact: gwschool[AT]icts.res.in
This year's ICTS summer school on gravitational-wave (GW) astronomy will be held from 05 to 16 July 2021. Due to the ongoing COVID pandemic, the school will be held online. Applications for the school are now open. This year's school will focus on the stochastic GW background from the early universe as well as produced by astrophysical sources.
Courses: - Stochastic GW background from the early universe (Shi Pi, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Kavli IPMU, Japan) - Stochastic astrophysical foreground from compact binary mergers (Vuc Mandic, University of Minnesota, USA)
Each course will feature 5 lectures and 5 tutorials, 90 mins each. The school is primarily meant for graduate students and postdocs in gravitational physics and related fields. A small number of highly motivated senior undergraduates can also be considered. Basic understanding of general relativity is a prerequisite for the courses. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
1.9. "Quarks" workshop: Quantum Gravity and Cosmology (online) --------------------------------------------------------------- Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: https://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/2021/05/24/quarks-online-workshop-quantu...
Starting: 2021-06-04 to 2021-06-08 Location:
Additional Information: https://indico.quarks.ru/event/2020/overview Contact: quarks2020[AT]gmail.com
The workshop "Quantum Gravity and Cosmology" will take place online from June 4 to June 8, 2021. It is dedicated to the centennial jubilee of A.D. Sakharov and embraces the areas of quantum field theory, quantum gravity and cosmology that were pioneered and advanced by Sakharov at the dawn of these subjects. The main objective of the workshop is to assess our current understanding of the quantization of gravity, its applications to physics of early and present day Universe, including inflation theory and dark energy problem, black hole physics and the problem of information loss, and also to discuss the observational status of these subjects and their interplay with recent advances in effective field theory, higher spin and string theory. Speakers will be selected by the workshop conveners: D. Nesterov and A. Barvinsky. If you want to attend the workshop, please fill in the registration form: https://indico.quarks.ru/event/2020/overview
"Quarks" conferences on high-energy physics take place biennially since 1980 in various historical and cultural places of Russia. Due to ongoing COVID-19 pandemic the current conference was reformatted into a set of six thematic "Quarks" workshops that will be held online in June 2021. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
1.10. "Quarks" workshop: Modification of Gravity: Theories and Observations (online) --------------------------------------------------------------- Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: https://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/2021/05/24/quarks-online-workshop-modifi...
Starting: 2021-06-09 to 2021-06-11 Location:
Additional Information: https://indico.quarks.ru/event/2020/overview Contact: quarks2020[AT]gmail.com
The workshop "Modification of Gravity: Theories and Observations" will take place online from June 9 to June 11, 2021. Its program is aimed to cover recent progress in modified gravity theories. The topics of the workshop include development of modified gravity theories; their consistency and properties; applications to cosmology, black hole physics, and wormholes; observational constraints and signatures. Workshop speakers will be selected by the conveners: E. Babichev and V. Rubakov. If you are planning to attend the workshop, please fill in the registration form: https://indico.quarks.ru/event/2020/overview
"Quarks" conferences on high-energy physics take place biennially since 1980 in various historical and cultural places of Russia. Due to ongoing COVID-19 pandemic the current conference was reformatted into a set of six thematic "Quarks" workshops that will be held online in June 2021. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
1.11. Detection and Analysis of Gravitational Waves in the Era of Multi-Messenger Astronomy: From Mathematical Modelling to Machine Learning, Oaxaca, Mexico --------------------------------------------------------------- Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: https://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/?p=21163
Starting: 2021-11-14 to 2021-11-19 Location: Oaxaca, Mexico
Additional Information: http://www.birs.ca/events/2021/5-day-workshops/21w5066 Contact: 21w5066[AT]gmail.com
The Casa Matematica Oaxaca (CMO) will host the workshop "Detection and Analysis of Gravitational Waves in the Era of Multi-Messenger Astronomy: From Mathematical Modelling to Machine Learning" in Oaxaca, Mexico, from November 14 to November 19, 2021.
Gravitational waves are a new way to explore the sky and uncover the deepest mysteries of the Universe. The aim of this workshop is to provide researchers with a forum to present recent progress in the field and discuss its future, from mathematical modelling of gravitational-wave sources to integration of data analysis techniques with machine learning.
The format of the workshop will be hybrid with a mix of online and in-person participation. There is no registration fee to attend, but registration is required. If you are interested in attending, please register at the conference website before November 1st, 2021. However, due to covid-19 restrictions in-person attendance will be limited, therefore we ask you to register as soon as possible. Early-career scientists and students are particularly encouraged to attend.
For updates and other important information, please visit the conference website. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
1.12. North American EinsteinToolkit Virtual School (online) --------------------------------------------------------------- Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: https://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/2021/05/24/north-american-einsteintoolki...
Starting: 2021-07-26 to 2021-07-30 Location: Urbana, USA
Additional Information: https://einsteintoolkit.github.io/et2021uiuc/ Contact: workshop[AT]einsteintoolkit.org
We are planning to have an online (Zoom) Einstein Toolkit Workshop at UIUC July 26th to 30th 2021.
Registration is required, but it is also free.
Topics covered include: Writing code for the Einstein Toolkit, Generating and using initial data produced by LORENE, CarpetX, analyzing data produced by the Einstein Toolkit.
Attendees are encouraged to sign up for short presentations.
Please see the school website for details and registration information. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
1.13. Spanish Portuguese Relativity Meeting 2021 (EREP2021; online) - 2nd announcement --------------------------------------------------------------- Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: https://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/2021/05/28/spanish-portuguese-relativity...
Starting: 2021-09-13 to 2021-09-16 Location: online
Additional Information: http://erep2021.web.ua.pt/ Contact: erep2021[AT]ua.pt
The Spanish-Portuguese Relativity Meetings are annual conferences on General Relativity and Gravitation that date back to 1977. They are organized each year by one of the different groups doing research on Relativity and Gravitation in Portugal and Spain. The 2021 meeting will be hosted by the gravity group at the University of Aveiro.
In 2021, we celebrate the outstanding developments of the field, from the observations of gravitational waves and black hole imaging to the theoretical developments in modeling and fundamental issues. This new golden era of strong gravity is attested by the three Nobel physics prizes in the last four years: in 2017 for gravitational waves (Barish, Thorne, Weiss), in 2019 for Cosmology (Peebles) and in 2020 for black holes (Genzel, Ghez, Penrose).
Due to the ongoing pandemia, the meeting will take place online. Further information will be given closer to the event.
Organizing Committee: C. Herdeiro (Chair), J. Delgado, A. Morais, J. Oliveira, A. Pombo, E. Radu, N. Santos Scientific Committee: Vitor Cardoso, Jose A. Font, Carlos Herdeiro, Ruth Lazkos, Jose S. Lemos Administrative Support: Cristina Grosso Email Contact: erep2021[AT]ua.pt
Important Dates 12th April 2021: First Announcement; Registration Open. 16th July 2021: Deadline for Abstract Submission. 13th September 2021: Beginning of EREP 2021. 16th September 2021: End of EREP 2021.
Plenary Speakers:
Sonia Anton (University of Aveiro, Portugal) Juan Garcia Bellido (Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Spain) Geoffrey Compere (Universite' Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium) Pedro Cunha (University of Aveiro, Portugal) Will East (Perimeter Institute, Canada) Jutta Kunz (University of Oldenburg, Germany) Jose Natario (University of Lisbon, Portugal) Luciano Rezzolla (Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany) Nico Sanchis-Gual (University of Lisbon, Portugal) Alicia Sintes (Universidad de las Islas Baleares, Spain) Thomas Sotiriou (University of Nottingham, UK), TBC Frederic Vincent (Observatoire de Paris, France) Elizabeth Winstanley (University of Sheffield, UK)
Venue: Online. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
============================================== 2. Jobs ============================================== 2.1. Postdoctoral position at UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico ------------------------------------------------------------- Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: https://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/?p=21079
Deadline: 2021-05-31 Location: Mexico City, Mexico
Additional Information: https://www.nucleares.unam.mx/depto_gravitacion.php Contact: celia.escamilla[AT]nucleares.unam.mx
The Institute for Nuclear Sciences of UNAM, has openings, twice a year (middle January and May each year), for postdoctoral fellows in its fields of study. The positions are for one year, renewable for a second one, depending upon funding and performance, and they carry a competitive monthly stipend, as well as basic health insurance for the postdoctoral fellow and her/his dependents.
Applicants interested to work at the Department of Gravitation and Field Theory in any of the following areas are encouraged to apply: classical and quantum aspects of gravitation, numerical relativity, theoretical and precision cosmology, mathematical physics, quantum field theory, lattice QCD, biophysics, and complex systems.
The faculty members are Miguel Alcubierre, Wolfgang Bietenholz, Yuri Bonder, Chryssomalis Chryssomalakos, Celia Escamilla-Rivera, Jemal Guven, Dario Nunez, Nestor Ortiz, Hernando Quevedo, Marcos Rosenbaum, Marcelo Salgado, Christopher Stephens, Daniel Sudarsky, Roberto Sussman and Alexander Turbiner - there is also a number of postdoctoral fellows and graduate students.
Applications (full CV, publication list and research statement) should be send via the email to celia.escamilla[AT]nucleares.unam.mx (with copy to fengari[AT]nucleares.unam.mx) by the closing date (2021-05-31). Applicants should also arrange for up to three reference letters signed to be sent by email, to arrive by the same date.
Succesful applicants will be expected to have a PhD in Theoretical Physics (no longer than 3 years before the starting date of the position) and be particularly knowledgeable of recent progress or activity in this area. Applicants will also be required to work independently, have strong analytical skills and be an effective team player.
Informal enquiries should be addressed to Dr Celia Escamilla-Rivera (Head of the Department), email: celia.escamilla[AT]nucleares.unam.mx +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
2.2. Assistant Professor in Astroparticle Physics at the University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA ------------------------------------------------------------- Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: https://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/?p=21088
Deadline: 2021-08-20 Location: Lawrence, Kansas, USA
Additional Information: https://employment.ku.edu/academic/19038BR Contact: kuapsearch2020[AT]ku.edu
The Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Kansas (KU) seeks applicants for an Assistant Professorship in astroparticle physics to begin as early as January 1, 2022.
The KU astroparticle physics group's research program focuses on radio-wave detection of ultra-high energy cosmic rays and neutrinos. Qualifying candidates must have a doctorate degree in physics or a closely related discipline. A strong record of research and commitment to excellence in teaching are required. Candidates with research interests in radio-frequency instrumentation or areas closely related to it and compatible with the existing efforts, and equipment, in the department are particularly encouraged to apply.
The University of Kansas is dedicated to creating a diverse, equitable, and inclusive working and learning environment. Individuals who are committed to furthering these causes are encouraged to apply. We especially welcome applicants from groups traditionally underrepresented in Physics and Astronomy. This includes, but is not limited to, women, racial and ethnic underrepresented minorities, and LGBTQIA individuals as well as those residing at the intersection of these axes. In addition, candidates with experience and/or demonstrated potential to effectively contribute to a diverse and inclusive learning environment are especially encouraged to apply.
In a continuing effort to enrich its academic environment and provide equal educational and employment opportunities, the university actively encourages applications from members of underrepresented groups in higher education. The successful candidate must be eligible to work in the U.S. by the time of appointment.
Lawrence, KS is an excellent plan to live. It is an affordable and progressive city with a lively arts and music scene, excellent schools, high quality restaurants, economical living, and a diverse cultural mix. It is also only an hour drive from downtown Kansas City.
For a complete announcement and to apply online, go to https://www.employment.ku.edu/academic/19038BR. A complete application includes the following materials: cover letter, curriculum vitae, a research statement (up to five pages), a teaching statement (up to two pages), and the names, e-mail addresses, and contact information for at least three references. Applicants should arrange for three letters of reference to be sent electronically to Professor Hume Feldman, Chair, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, kuapsearch2020[AT]ku.edu. Initial review of applications will begin August 20, 2021. For full consideration, all application documents and reference letters must be received before this date. Late applications will be accepted as long as needed to identify a qualified pool.
The University of Kansas prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, ethnicity, religion, sex, national origin, age, ancestry, disability, status as a veteran, sexual orientation, marital status, parental status, gender identity, gender expression, and genetic information in the university's programs and activities. Retaliation is also prohibited by university policy. The following persons have been designated to handle inquiries regarding the nondiscrimination policies and are the Title IX coordinators for their respective campuses: Director of the Office of Institutional Opportunity and Access, IOA[AT]ku.edu, Room 1082, Dole Human Development Center, 1000 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045, 785-864-6414, 711 TTY (for the Lawrence, Edwards, Parsons, Yoder, and Topeka campuses); Director, Equal Opportunity Office, Mail Stop 7004, 4330 Shawnee Mission Parkway, Fairway, KS 66205, 913-588-8011, 711 TTY (for the Wichita, Salina, and Kansas City, Kansas medical center campuses). +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
2.3. Postdoctoral Researcher in Experimental High Energy Nuclear Physics, Lawrence, Kansas, USA ------------------------------------------------------------- Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: https://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/?p=21111
Deadline: 2021-05-25 Location: Lawrence, Kansas, USA
Additional Information: http://employment.ku.edu/staff/19089BR Contact: jdtt@ku.edu
Applications are invited for a postdoctoral research associate position in experimental high energy nuclear physics with the University of Kansas beginning as early as June 14, 2021. Postdoctoral researcher candidates are required to have a Ph.D. in physics by date of appointment and research experience in experimental particle or nuclear physics or a related experimental field. The person would work with the University of Kansas group on physics data analysis and detector operation and development for the ALICE experiment. Candidates with relevant interests and experience are sought.
The University of Kansas ALICE group is pursuing a broad and exciting research program, with elements including detector development and operation for the ALICE experiment. The group's analysis efforts have a particular focus on studies of the initial stage of protons and ions via photon-induced physics processes. The post-doctoral researcher would be expected to participate in many of these activities, taking a leadership role in advancing the group's research program, interacting with and mentoring students, and engaging in creative and independent thought. The person may be stationed at CERN, in Geneva, Switzerland or at the University of Kansas in Lawrence.
For more information and to apply go to http://employment.ku.edu/staff/19089BR Initial review of applications will begin May 25, 2021 and will continue until a qualified pool of applicants has been identified. Inquiries can be made by email to jdtt[AT]ku.edu.
The University of Kansas prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, ethnicity, religion, sex, national origin, age, ancestry, disability, status as a veteran, sexual orientation, marital status, parental status, retaliation, gender identity, gender expression and genetic information in the University's programs and activities. The following person has been designated to handle inquiries regarding the non-discrimination policies and is the University's Title IX Coordinator: the Executive Director of the Office of Institutional Opportunity and Access, IOA[AT]ku.edu, 1246 W. Campus Road, Room 153A, Lawrence, KS, 66045, (785)864-6414, 711 TTY. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
2.4. Assistant Professor in Theoretical Physics, Krakow, Poland ------------------------------------------------------------- Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: https://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/?p=21119
Deadline: 2021-06-06 Location: Krakow, Poland
Additional Information: https://fais.uj.edu.pl/documents/41628/147898878/Konkurs+na+stanowisko+adiun... Contact: wydzial.fais[AT]uj.edu.pl
Rector of the Jagiellonian University announces a competitive selection process for the post of an
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
in the research and teaching staff member group at the Institute of Theoretical Physics
starting October 1, 2021 at the latest
Academic field: theoretical physics
The Institute of Theoretical Physics investigates a wide scope of areas in theoretical physics: Complex Systems, Condensed Matter Theory, Field Theory, General Relativity and Astrophysics, Mathematical Physics, Quantum Gravity, Statistical Physics, Theoretical Atomic Physics and Quantum Physics, Particle Physics and String Theory. The faculty consists of more than 30 Professors of theoretical physics and it is a part of the Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science at the Jagiellonian University.
The candidates must hold the PhD degree in theoretical physics. We expect from the candidates: strong interest in research, significant research achievements confirmed by a good publication record, ability to carry out independent research and experience in teaching work. International research experience, participation and leading positions in research grants will be advantageous.
The successful candidates will join one of the active research groups at the Institute according to their research interests, carry out research in theoretical physics, and take part in teaching activities in Polish and/or English at the Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science at the Jagiellonian University.
The detailed information about formal conditions of the application may be found at the Faculty webpage or it may be obtained upon request to wydzial.fais[AT]uj.edu.pl
The deadline for applications: June 6, 2021, 23:59 Warsaw time. Selected candidates will be invited for remote presentations and interviews.
The competitive selection process will be concluded by June 16, 2021 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
2.5. Visiting Professorship at Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto, Japan ------------------------------------------------------------- Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: https://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/?p=21173
Deadline: 2021-08-01 Location: Kyoto, Japan
Additional Information: https://www.yukawa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/news/n352?lang=en-GB Contact: director[AT]yukawa.kyoto-u.ac.jp
Visiting Professorship at Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics
Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University, invites applications and/or nominations for a visiting-professorship in the field of theoretical physics for the period from 1 April, 2023 to 31 March, 2024. The appointment will be made for three months (or more). The salary will be determined according to the pay scale of Kyoto University.
The deadline for applications or nominations is 1st August, 2021. A letter of application should be accompanied by a curriculum vitae and a list of publications. In addition, please inform us regarding all possible periods of stay at YITP. All correspondence should be addressed to:
Prof. Sinya Aoki Director Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics Kyoto University Kyoto 606-8502, JAPAN e-mail: director_{AT}_yukawa.kyoto-u.ac.jp *replace _{AT}_ to "@" +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
2.6. Faculty positions at the Assistant Professor level, L'Aquila, Italy ------------------------------------------------------------- Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: https://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/?p=21183
Deadline: 2021-07-31 Location: L'Aquila, Italy
Additional Information: https://www.gssi.it/communication/announcements/item/12532 Contact: eoi-phys[AT]gssi.it
Call for Expressions of Interest in Faculty Positions in the Physics Division of the GSSI Gran Sasso Science Institute
The Physics Division of the Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI) invites expressions of interest for faculty positions at the Assistant Professor level (Tenure Track) from highly qualified scholars worldwide with an interest in research activity for Underground experiments at Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS).
The GSSI Physics Division hosts scientists carrying out interdisciplinary research on a variety of subjects, ranging from underground Particle Physics, gravitational wave Astronomy, Multi-messenger astrophysics, High Energy Astrophysics, Cosmic Rays and Cosmology. The GSSI is a Center for Advanced Studies, with a prominent program of graduate courses. About 40 Physics Graduate Students from all over the world are at GSSI at any given time, and part of the duties of the Faculty is to provide teaching and supervision of their research activity. Interdisciplinary projects aimed at increasing the connections with other Ph.D. Courses at GSSI (mathematics, computer science and social science) are strongly encouraged.
The GSSI announces two tenure-track positions this year. The present call for expressions of interest is aimed at probing the community of scientists at international level that might want to join the GSSI faculty. The experimental activities at LNGS of interest for this call include searches for Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay (CUORE, CUPID, LEGEND) and Dark Matter (DarkSide-20k, COSINUS). Also, R&D for future directional dark mass experiments is being pursued at GSSI.
Candidates willing to work in the exciting GSSI atmosphere, as tenure track Assistant Professors, are required to have a doctoral degree in physics or related fields prior to the appointment, with a proven record of achievements, a clear potential to promote and lead research activities and a specific interest in teaching at the graduate and postgraduate level to a small set of particularly skilled students. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
============================================== 3. News ============================================== 3.1. 2021 Awards for Essays on Gravitation (results) ------------------------------------------------------------ Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: https://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/2021/05/15/2021-awards-for-essays-on-gra...
Additional Information: http://www.gravityresearchfoundation.org
Gravity Research Foundation
The trustees are pleased to announce the Awards for Essays for 2021.
1. $4,000 - The Elastic Vacuum by Samir D. Mathur, Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; e-mail: mathur.16[AT]osu.edu
2. $700 - Quantum Gravity Phenomenology in the Infrared by Laurent Freidel[1], Jerzy Kowalski-Glikman[2][3], Robert G. Leigh[4], and Djordje Minic[5], [1]Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline St. N., Waterloo ON, Canada, [2]Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Wroclaw, Pl. Maksa Borna 9, 50-204 Wroclaw, Poland, [3]National Centre for Nuclear Research, Pasteura 7, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland, [4]Illinois Center for Advanced Studies of the Universe & Department of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 West Green St., Urbana IL 61801, [5]Department of Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061; e-mail: lfreidel[AT]perimeterinstitute.ca, jerzy.kowalski-glikman[AT]uwr.edu.pl, rgleigh[AT]illinois.edu, dminic[AT]vt.edu
3. $600 - The Quantum Emission of an Alive Black Hole by J. A. Rueda[1][2][3][4][5] and R. Ruffini[1][2][6], [1]ICRANet, Piazza della Repubblica 10, I-65122 Pescara, Italy, [2]ICRA, Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Universita' di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy, [3]ICRANet-Ferrara, Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Universita' degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, I-44122 Ferrara, Italy, [4]Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Universita' degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, I-44122 Ferrara, Italy, [5]INAF, Istituto de Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy, [6]INAF, Viale del Parco Mellini 84, 00136 Rome Italy; e-mail: jorge.rueda[AT]icra.it, ruffini[AT]icra.it
4. $500 - Einstein-Hilbert Action, with Quantum Corrections, from the Planck Scale Coarse-Graining of the Spacetime Microstructure by T. Padmanabhan, IUCAA, Post Bag 4, Ganeshkhind, Pune - 411 007, India; email: paddy[AT]iucaa.in
5. $400 - Euclidean Gravity and Holography by Daniel Harlow[1] and Edgar Shaghoulian[2], [1]Center for Theoretical Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, [2]David Rittenhouse Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, 209 S. 33rd Street, Philadelphia PA, 19104; e-mail: harlow[AT]mit.edu, eshag[AT]sas.upenn.edu
Selected for Honorable Mention this year were (listed in alphabetical order): Stephen L. Adler; Ivan Agullo, Vitor Cardoso, Adrian del Rio, Michele Maggiore, and Jorge Pullin; Dharam Vir Ahluwalia; Aghil Alaee, Marcus Khuri, and Hari Kunduri; Steven A. Balbus; Souvik Banerjee, Ulf Danielsson, and Suvendu Giri; Ning Bao and Elizabeth Wildenhain; Mauricio Bellini; Robert Brandenberger, Lavinia Heisenberg, and Jakob Robnik; Ram Brustein and Yotam Sherf; Luca Buoninfante; Xavier Calmet and Folkert Kuipers; Raul Carballo-Rubio, Francesco Di Filippo, and Stefano Liberati; Ashkbiz Danehkar, Hassan Alshal, and Thomas L. Curtright; Saurya Das and Sourav Sur; Joshua Erlich; Arthur E. Fischer; Yonadav Barry Ginat; E.I. Guendelman; Shahar Hod; Aden Jowsey and Matt Visser; John R. Klauder; Jose' Ademir Sales Lima and Pedro Eleuterio Mendonca Almeida; Philip D. Mannheim and John W. Moffat; Donald Marolf and Henry Maxfield; Frank Saueressig, Mina Galis, Jesse Daas, and Amir Khosravi; Susan M Scott and Ben W Whale; Tejinder P. Singh; W.M. Stuckey, Timothy McDevitt, and Michael Silberstein; F. Tamburini, F. Feleppa, and B. Thide'; Wanpeng Tan; C.S. Unnikrishnan and George T. Gillies; Nicolas Valdes-Meller; Ram Gopal Vishwakarma; Aron C. Wall; Asher Yahalom.
This announcement and abstracts of award-winning and honorable mention essays are posted on our web site, http://www.gravityresearchfoundation.org. The five award-winning essays are also posted on our web site and will be published in the October 2021 SPECIAL ISSUE of the International Journal of Modern Physics D (IJMPD). ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
3.2. 2022 Awards for Essays on Gravitation ------------------------------------------------------------ Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: https://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/2021/05/24/2022-awards-for-essays-on-gra...
Additional Information: https://www.gravityresearchfoundation.org
In 2022, for our seventy-third competition, the trustees of the Gravity Research Foundation are offering five awards for short essays for stimulating thought and encouraging work on the phenomenon of gravitation. The stipulations follow:
(1) We will make these Awards on May 15, 2022 for the best and most well-written essays about gravitation, its theory, applications, or effects. Essays must be 10 pages or fewer using double-spacing, 12-point font and 1-inch margins including a small number of diagrams, tables and equations. Title and reference pages are additional and not included in the page count. The subject matter may or may not be original research. The essay competition is not intended to replace a research journal where the detailed results of original research are submitted. Essays should not give lengthy detailed mathematical calculations nor detailed descriptions of an experimental setup. Essay ideas should be self- contained and understandable - not dependent on reading other documents.
(2) The First Award will be $4000.00 The Second Award will be $700.00 The Third Award will be $600.00 The Fourth Award will be $500.00 The Fifth Award will be $400.00
(3) Essay must be typed in English and e-mailed in a single PDF file by March 31, 2022. One essay only will be accepted from each author. Notify us within 24 hours if you do not receive a confirmation email of your submission.
(4) Title page should include all the following: essay title, authors' names (specify corresponding author), e-mail and mailing addresses, submission date, an abstract of 125 words or fewer, and the statement: "Essay written for the Gravity Research Foundation 2022 Awards for Essays on Gravitation." Pages should be numbered.
(5) The decision of the judges will be final. No reviews or comments will be provided.
(6) Contestants can find the awards announcement posted on the website: gravityresearchfoundation.org around May 15, 2022.
(7) The five award-winning essays will be published in a special issue of the International Journal of Modern Physics D (IJMPD). Authors of essays designated Honorable Mention will be invited to submit their essays to the IJMPD where these may undergo additional refereeing at editorial discretion for possible publication. Authors of all other essays are free and encouraged to publish their essays after May 15th.
Submission e-mail address: George M. Rideout, Jr., President, grideoutjr@aol.com
Recent First Award Winners: 2021 - Samir D. Mathur, The Ohio State University, OH 2020 - Maulik Parikh and George Zahariade, Arizona State University, AZ and Frank Wilczek, Arizona State University, AZ, Stockholm University, Sweden, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MA and Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China 2019 - Alessio Belenchia, Queen's University, England; Robert M. Wald, Enrico Fermi Institute, IL; Flaminia Giacomini, Esteban Castro-Ruiz, Caslav Brukner and Markus Aspelmeyer, Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austria 2018 - Jessica Santiago and Matt Visser, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand 2017 - Ivan Agullo, Louisiana State University, LA; Adrian del Rio and Jose Navarro-Salas, Centro Mixto Universidad de Valencia-CSIC, Spain 2016 - Stephen L. Adler, Institute for Advanced Study, NJ 2015 - Gerard 't Hooft, Utrecht University and Spinoza Institute, the Netherlands 2014 - Lawrence M. Krauss, Arizona State University, AZ and Frank Wilczek, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MA 2013 - Baocheng Zhang, Qing-yu Cai and Ming-sheng Zhan, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China and Li You, Tsinghua University, China 2012 - Claus Kiefer and Manuel Kraemr, University of Cologne, Germany 2011 - Ivan Agullo, Pennsylvania State University, PA and Leonard Parker, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, WI 2010 - Mark Van Raamsdonk, University of British Columbia, BC 2009 - Alexander Burinskii, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia 2008 - T. Padmanabhan, Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, India 2007 - S. Carlip, University of California at Davis, CA ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
3.3. The Twenty-Second Release of the Einstein Toolkit ------------------------------------------------------------ Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: https://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/2021/05/31/the-twenty-second-release-of-...
Additional Information: https://einsteintoolkit.org/
Release Announcement
We are pleased to announce the twenty-second release (code name "Lorentz") of the Einstein Toolkit, an open-source, community developed software infrastructure for relativistic astrophysics. The highlights of this release include:
* POWER, a Python package to post-process the data products of simulations to compute the gravitational wave strain at future null infinity. * Simfactory is now fully compatible with Python 2 or 3.
In addition, bug fixes accumulated since the previous release in November 2020 have been included.
The Einstein Toolkit is a collection of software components and tools for simulating and analyzing general relativistic astrophysical systems that builds on numerous software efforts in the numerical relativity community including code to compute initial data parameters, the spacetime evolution codes Baikal, lean_public, and McLachlan, analysis codes to compute horizon characteristics and gravitational waves, the Carpet AMR infrastructure, and the relativistic magneto-hydrodynamics codes GRHydro and IllinoisGRMHD. The Einstein Toolkit also contains a 1D self-force code. For parts of the toolkit, the Cactus Framework is used as the underlying computational infrastructure providing large-scale parallelization, general computational components, and a model for collaborative, portable code development.
The Einstein Toolkit uses a distributed software model and its different modules are developed, distributed, and supported either by the core team of Einstein Toolkit Maintainers, or by individual groups. Where modules are provided by external groups, the Einstein Toolkit Maintainers provide quality control for modules for inclusion in the toolkit and help coordinate support. The Einstein Toolkit Maintainers currently involve staff and faculty from five different institutions, and host weekly meetings that are open for anyone to join.
Guiding principles for the design and implementation of the toolkit include: open, community-driven software development; well thought-out and stable interfaces; separation of physics software from computational science infrastructure; provision of complete working production code; training and education for a new generation of researchers.
For more information about using or contributing to the Einstein Toolkit, or to join the Einstein Toolkit Consortium, please visit our web pages at http://einsteintoolkit.org, or contact the users mailing list users@einsteintoolkit.org.
The Einstein Toolkit is primarily supported by NSF 2004157/2004044/2004311/2004879/2003893 (Enabling fundamental research in the era of multi-messenger astrophysics).
See the Download page (http://einsteintoolkit.org/download.html) on the Einstein Toolkit website for download instructions.
Zachariah B. Etienne, Roland Haas, Steven R. Brandt, William E. Gabella, Peter Diener, Atul Kedia, Miguel Gracia.
May, 2021 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
3.4. Sixteenth Marcel Grossmann Meeting on General Relativity (MG16, 3rd announcement, online) ------------------------------------------------------------ Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: https://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/2021/05/31/sixteenth-marcel-grossmann-me...
Additional Information: http://www.icra.it/mg/mg16/
We are happy to present the official poster of MG16 http://www.icra.it/mg/mg16/MG16_official_poster.pdf with explanatory text http://www.icra.it/mg/mg16/MG16_official_poster_info.pdf as well as MG16 special poster celebrating the 50th anniversary of the article "Introducing the Black Hole" and the black hole mass energy formula http://www.icra.it/mg/mg16/MG16_special_poster.pdf with explanatory text http://www.icra.it/mg/mg16/MG16_special_poster_info.pdf.
The MG Awards will be announced this week.
The deadline for registration has been postponed to June 15, 2021 with regular fee of 150 Euro and reduced fee of 80 Euro applicable to students, retired scientists and auditors.
We recall that the abstract submission deadline is June 15, 2021.
The meeting program will include a set of plenary lectures, public lectures, round tables as well as parallel sessions. The program will be published after June 15.
More information will be available on MG16 website: www.icra.it/mg/mg16
Remo Ruffini, University of Rome, on behalf of the International Organizing Committee Robert Jantzen, Villanova University, on behalf of the International Coordinating Committee Gregory Vereshchagin, ICRANet, on behalf of the Local Organizing Committee ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++