########################################## Table of Contents ########################################### 1. Conferences 1.1. The Helsinki Workshop on Quantum Gravity 1.2. Numerical Relativity and Holography, Santiago de Compostela, Spain 1.3. 6th Iberian Gravitational Wave Meeting 2016, Madrid, Spain 1.4. GRavitational-wave Astronomy Meeting in PAris (GRAMPA) 1.5. Vth School of Astroparticle Physics: Physics of the Universe in X-rays, Saint Michel l'Observatoire, France 1.6. 19th Capra Meeting on Radiation Reaction, Meudon, France 1.7. NEB17 – Recent Developments in Gravity, Mykonos, Greece (2nd announcement) 2. Jobs 2.1. Postdoc Position in Philosophy of Quantum Gravity, Geneva, Switzerland 2.2. Postdoc in GR at Charles University, Prague 3. News 3.1. Special Issue on "Phenomenological Aspects of Quantum Gravity and Modified Theories of Gravity" 3.2. Passing away of Felix Pirani 3.3. Gender-based harassment: Letter of support 3.4. News from the School Daniel Chalonge- Hector De Vega 3.5. Registration is now open for the Einstein Toolkit EU School and Workshop 2016, Trento, Italy ============================================== 1. Conferences ============================================== 1.1. The Helsinki Workshop on Quantum Gravity --------------------------------------------------------------- Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: http://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/?p=11521 Starting: 2016-06-01 to 2016-06-03 Location: Helsinki, Finland Additional Information: http://www.hip.fi/qg_helsinki Contact: miklos.langvik[AT]helsinki.fi The Helsinki Workshop on Quantum Gravity will be held from the 1st to the 3rd of June 2016 in Helsinki, Finland. The aim of the workshop is to introduce the research topic of quantum gravity in Finland and is especially tailored for graduate and PhD students. Topics and approaches to quantum gravity included in the workshop programme are: Canonical and covariant loop gravity, Group Field Theory, AdS/CFT correspondence, Causal Dynamical Triangulations, Causal Sets, Asymptotic Safety, black hole entropy and thermodynamics and the cosmological constant. The deadline for registration is the 15th of May 2016. The list of invited speakers along with other useful information can be found on the workshop homepage: www.hip.fi/qg_helsinki. We look forward to having you with us here in Helsinki, With our best regards, the organizing committee Esko Keski-Vakkuri, Antti Kupiainen, Miklos Langvik, Kari Rummukainen, Aleksi Vuorinen +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1.2. Numerical Relativity and Holography, Santiago de Compostela, Spain --------------------------------------------------------------- Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: http://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/2016/01/13/numerical-relativity-and-holog... Starting: 2016-06-27 to 2016-07-01 Location: Santiago de Compostela Additional Information: http://igfae.usc.es/~numhol2016/ Contact: numhol2016[AT]igfae.usc.es The AdS/CFT correspondence has built a bridge between problems from the Quantum world and methods from General Relativity. In the fully non-linear regime the use of numerical methods is instrumental. Implementing techniques coming from Numerical Relativity is desirable but not straightforward since AdS has its own difficulties. Two years after the success of the CERN-CKC Institute on Numerical Holography, it is time to upgrade and share the latest achievements in the field. We will talk about the physics, the maths and the methods. We hope this conference will also be of help for groups giving their first steps in the use of numerical tools. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1.3. 6th Iberian Gravitational Wave Meeting 2016, Madrid, Spain --------------------------------------------------------------- Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: http://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/?p=11532 Starting: 2016-04-11 to 2016-04-13 Location: Madrid, Spain Additional Information: http://workshops.ift.uam-csic.es/IGWM2016 Contact: juan.garciabellido[AT]gmail.com Dear colleague, We are glad to announce the 6th Iberian Gravitational Wave Meeting 2016, which will be held at the Instituto de Fisica Teorica (IFT) in Madrid from the 11th to the 13th of April 2016. The aim of the meeting is to bring togehter researchers from both the Iberian community and around the world working in Gravitational Wave Science, as well as related areas of Astrophysics, Cosmology and Fundamental Physics. You can find additional information in the workshop website: http://workshops.ift.uam-csic.es/IGWM2016. The deadline for registration and abstract submission is the 1st of April 2016. Please feel free to send this email to others who may be interested. Best regards, Juan Garcia-Bellido Paco Torrenti (LOC) +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1.4. GRavitational-wave Astronomy Meeting in PAris (GRAMPA) --------------------------------------------------------------- Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: http://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/?p=11537 Starting: 2016-08-29 to 2016-09-02 Location: Paris, France Additional Information: http://www.iap.fr/vie_scientifique/ateliers/GravitationalWave/2016/index.htm... Contact: barausse[AT]iap.fr First announcement The "GRavitational-wave Astronomy Meeting in PAris" (GRAMPA) will be held at the Institut d'astrophysique de Paris, from August 29th through September 2nd, 2016, and will focus on the physics and astrophysics of gravitational-wave sources for existing and future terrestrial interferometers, pulsar timing arrays, as well as future space-borne missions. It will also explore the synergies of these experiments among themselves and with traditional electromagnetic astrophysics. There is no conference fee, and students/postdocs are encouraged to participate and submit abstracts for contributed talks/posters. A registration/abstract submission webpage will be made available soon. The (provisional) list of invited speakers includes: P. Amaro-Seoane (AEI, Golm) N. Andersson (Southampton) S. Babak (AEI, Golm) L. Barack (Southampton) E. Berti (Mississippi) M. Colpi (Milan) S. De Mink (Amsterdam) S. Fairhurst (Cardiff) M. Kramer (MPIfR, Bonn) L. Lentati (Cambridge) S. Nissanke (Nijmegen) D. Psaltis (Arizona) V. Ravi (Caltech) L. Rezzolla (Frankfurt) W. Weber (Trento, LPF) C. Will (Florida) Organizing committee: E. Barausse, L. Blanchet, G. Faye, A. Sesana +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1.5. Vth School of Astroparticle Physics: Physics of the Universe in X-rays, Saint Michel l'Observatoire, France --------------------------------------------------------------- Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: http://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/2016/01/23/vth-school-of-astroparticle-ph... Starting: 2016-05-23 to 2016-05-28 Location: Saint Michel l'Observatoire, France Additional Information: http://www.cpt.univ-mrs.fr/~cosmo/WEB_EAP_16/EcoleAP-OHP16-a.html Contact: triay[AT]cpt.univ-mrs.fr This school is aimed at researchers, including postdocs and PhD students. It is organized by the French community but is open to international participants. We propose to review the recent developments in X-ray astronomy through several axes : — Advances in understanding high-energy sources (compact objects, accreting binary sources and active galactic nuclei, supernova explosions, gamma-ray bursts) with two complementary courses on clusters of galaxies and applications in fundamental physics. — State of the art and technological advances in terms of telescopes and detectors. These courses are intended for astrophysicists (particularly those that might later carry instrumental projects) so that they are well aware of the capabilities, but also the limitations of the current techniques and their future developments. — Data analysis through tutorials on real data. This is particularly important for non-specialists who may get lost in the jargon and specific procedures. Each attendant will have followed at least once all the stages of the analysis with a specialist, making sure that no critical step is forgotten. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1.6. 19th Capra Meeting on Radiation Reaction, Meudon, France --------------------------------------------------------------- Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: http://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/2016/01/27/19th-capra-meeting-on-radiatio... Starting: 2016-06-27 to 2016-07-01 Location: Meudon, France Additional Information: http://capra.obspm.fr Contact: letiec[AT]obspm.fr We are pleased to announce that the 19th Capra Meeting on Radiation Reaction in General Relativity will be held on the Meudon campus of the Paris Observatory, in France, from June 27 to July 1, 2016. As usual, the meeting will focus primarily on aspects of the self-force in general relativity, but will also seek to explore synergies with other approaches to the two-body problem. Following the Capra tradition, the meeting will be informal. There will be no registration fee and no proceedings. The program will include a few invited review talks, short contributed presentations and open discussion sessions. Contributed talks on all aspects of the radiation reaction problem (including related topics such as EMRI astrophysics or data analysis) are welcome. More information and a registration form can be found on the conference website: http://capra.obspm.fr +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1.7. NEB17 – Recent Developments in Gravity, Mykonos, Greece (2nd announcement) --------------------------------------------------------------- Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: http://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/2016/01/31/neb17-recent-developments-in-g... Starting: 2016-09-19 to 2016-09-22 Location: Mykonos, Greece Additional Information: http://www.hsrgc.gr/neb17 Contact: thomas.sotiriou[AT]nottingham.ac.uk SECOND CIRCULAR The 17th NEB conference on “Recent Developments in Gravity” will be held in Mykonos, Greece, from the 19th to the 22th of September 2016. NEB17 is an international conference devoted to all aspects of Relativity, Gravitation and Cosmology, which is organized every two years by the Hellenic Society for Relativity, Gravitation and Cosmology. A list of previous conferences in the NEB series can be found at http://www.hsrgc.gr/activities.html. The website of the conference is http://www.hsrgc.gr/neb17 and the registration deadline is March 31st, 2016. NEB17 will focus on recent developments in several areas: gravitational waves, relativistic astrophysics, alternative theories of gravity, mathematical relativity, relativistic cosmology and quantum gravity. The venue of the conference is Saint John Mykonos Hotel, a beach resort at Agios Ioannis bay, located 4 km from Mykonos Town. The list of invited speakers includes: S. Alexakis (Toronto) L. Amendola (Heidelberg) A. Ashtekar (Penn State) R. Brandenberger (Montreal) S. Capozziello (Napoli) M. Cavaglia' (U. of Mississippi)* D. Psaltis (Arizona) P. Laguna (Georgia Tech) L. Lehner (Perimeter Institute) R. Loll (Nijmegen) K. Kokkotas (Tuebingen) W. Unruh (U. of British Columbia)* R. Wald (Chicago) * (to be confirmed) We are looking forward to meeting all interested participants in Mykonos in September! With our best regards, The Organising Committee S. Basilakos (Academy of Athens) T. Grammenos (University of Thessaly) P. Kanti (Univeristy of Ioannina) M. Sakellariadou (King’s College London, University of London) T. Sotiriou (University of Nottingham) N. Stergioulas (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki) +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ============================================== 2. Jobs ============================================== 2.1. Postdoc Position in Philosophy of Quantum Gravity, Geneva, Switzerland ------------------------------------------------------------- Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: http://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/2016/01/28/postdoc-position-in-philosophy... Deadline: 2016-02-29 Location: Geneva, Switzerland Additional Information: http://beyondspacetime.net/ Contact: christian.wuthrich[AT]unige.ch The philosophy of physics group at the Department of Philosophy in Geneva solicits applications for a two-year postdoctoral research position, starting 1 September 2016 or as soon as possible thereafter. A start after 1 September 2016 would shorten the postdoc to less than two years; an earlier start may be possible. The position is funded by the John Templeton Foundation grant 'Space and Time after Quantum Gravity'. The successful candidate will be expected to contribute to the project's research by pursuing their own research in the philosophy of quantum gravity and by collaborating on existing research efforts within the Geneva group led by Professor Christian Wuthrich. They will be expected to participate in weekly project meetings during term, help with the administration and organization of the group's activities, and contribute to the group's outreach efforts. The successful candidate will be invited to contribute to the project's summer school to take place in Wisconsin, 19-24 June 2016. Fluency in English is required. More information on the project and the research group is available at http://beyondspacetime.net/. Applicants with experience in either the philosophy or the foundations of quantum gravity broadly construed will be preferred, but we will also consider applicants with backgrounds in other areas of philosophy of physics, foundational research in physics, or metaphysics. All work toward the Ph.D. must be completed before the starting date. Candidates who defended their Ph.D. recently will be preferred. The position is fixed-term for two years. The annual salary is expected to be around CHF 61,000. Research funds for travel to relevant conferences and to the group at the University of Illinois at Chicago will be provided. Applications must contain a cover letter detailing the pertinent experience for the position, a CV, a one-page research statement describing the work to be accomplished during the postdoc including publication plans, one or two writing samples, and three letters of reference. The letters of reference must be sent under separate cover. All materials should be sent to Professor Christian Wuthrich at christian.wuthrich[AT]unige.ch. Review of the files will begin on 29 February 2016 and continue until the position is filled. Candidates files will be reviewed by qualified members of the Scientific Advisory Committee, and the best qualified candidate will be selected by Professors Huggett and Wuthrich. The competition for this position opens on 18 January and closes on 31 March 2016. Applications from women and underrepresented minorities are encouraged. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2.2. Postdoc in GR at Charles University, Prague ------------------------------------------------------------- Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: http://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/?p=11567 Deadline: 2016-06-10 Location: Prague, Czech Republic Additional Information: http://utf.mff.cuni.cz/en/index.html Contact: oldrich.semerak[AT]mff.cuni.cz Institute of Theoretical Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University in Prague, invites applications for a postdoctoral position within Prague relativity group to a motivated person, working in the field of general relativity and/or its astrophysical or cosmological applications. More specifically, his/her doctoral expertise and research plan should include at least one of the following topics: solutions of Einstein’s field equations and their interpretation, problems of energy and radiation in GR, asymptotic structure of space-times, particles and fields around black holes, dynamics of particles and extended bodies in GR, physics of neutron stars, black-hole perturbations, approximation methods and numerical relativity, gravitational lensing, theoretical cosmology, emission and analysis of gravitational waves and their astrophysical and cosmological aspects. The selected candidate will work within the GR group of the institute, most probably within the ongoing grant project "Albert Einstein Center for Gravitation and Astrophysics". We offer: 1 year contract from January 2017 with a possible renewal in case of mutual interest. Salary comparable to the starting salary of an assistant professor at the Faculty. Standard equipment and reasonable support for conference and collaboration traveling. Interested candidates should submit: CV, brief description of research expertise and plans, list of publications, two letters of recommendation. Shortlisted candidates may be invited for an interview or seminar. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ============================================== 3. News ============================================== 3.1. Special Issue on "Phenomenological Aspects of Quantum Gravity and Modified Theories of Gravity" ------------------------------------------------------------ Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: http://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/?p=11518 Additional Information: http://www.hindawi.com/journals/AHEP/si/212894/cfp/ Dear Colleagues, A Special Issue on "Phenomenological Aspects of Quantum Gravity and Modified Theories of Gravity" will be published in the Journal "Advances in High Energy Physics" in September 2016. You can find the Call for Papers for this Special Issue at http://www.hindawi.com/journals/AHEP/si/212894/cfp/ Submission deadline is 6 May 2016. Cordially Yours, Lead Guest Editor: Ahmed Farag Ali (Benha University, Egypt) Guest Editors: Giulia Gubitosi (Imperial College London, London, UK), Mir Faizal (Waterloo University, Waterloo, Canada), Barun Majumder (Montana State University, Bozeman, USA) ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3.2. Passing away of Felix Pirani ------------------------------------------------------------ Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: http://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/2016/01/21/passing-away-of-felix-pirani/ Additional Information: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Pirani It is with great sadness that we write to let you know that our dear friend Felix Pirani passed away rather unexpectedly but peacefully on 31 December 2015. Felix made important contributions to General Relativity, which included: independent discovery of the Petrov Classification and its use to give an invariant characterization of the gravitational radiation fields; fundamental work on gravitational waves, in collaboration with Herman Bondi and Ivor Robinson; as well as important work on an axiomatic formulation of GR in collaboration with Jurgen Ehlers and Alfred Schild, in which both the conformal and projective structures of the spacetime and their compatibility conditions are deduced from their axioms. He will be sorely missed as a much loved father, partner, mentor and friend to many, not least because of his many struggles to make this a better world. Ted Newman, Abner Solland, John Stachel, Reza Tavakol Further information on Felix Pirani's work can be found at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Pirani https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/34463 Gen Relativ Gravit (2012) 44:1581–1586 DOI 10.1007/s10714-012-1352-5 GOLDEN OLDIE EDITORIAL "Editorial note by Andrzej Trautman to: J. Ehlers, F. A. E. Pirani and A. Schild, The geometry of free fall and light propagation" ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3.3. Gender-based harassment: Letter of support ------------------------------------------------------------ Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: http://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/?p=11543 Additional Information: https://docs.google.com/document/d/14c77S8HVshiEUXvuZD93vzw1Xg9TIMtxc5oZpaGB-wI/edit?pref=2&pli=1 This message was originally posted on the APS Topical Group in Gravitation (GGR) on Facebook by Anna Watts, on January 23 at 11:38AM (Pacific Time): https://www.facebook.com/groups/gravityGR/permalink/565710783577107/ Since then, in 48 hours it has gained 300+ signatures/supporters. I am here posting Anna's message on her behalf to reach a broader audience. This letter, along with its ongoing list of supporters can be accessed at: https://docs.google.com/document/d/14c77S8HVshiEUXvuZD93vzw1Xg9TIMtxc5oZpaGB... Below, as well as on the google doc, there are instructions on how to endorse it. Manuel Tiglio Disclaimer: the above message reflects my own opinions and not necessarily those of UCSD or any other affiliate or employer of mine. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ A career in astronomy is a joy and a privilege, and one that we firmly believe should be open to all. Harassment and bullying force talent out of our field, and as such have no place in it. Too often, the onus of reporting harassment falls on junior scientists, and we rely on their courage and fortitude to bring it to light. When this happens the rest of the scientific community has a responsibility to stand up and support them, quickly, visibly and vocally. And, as a general principle, if harassment has to cause someone to leave a collaboration or institution, the person who leaves should be the perpetrator and not the victim. We want to offer our unqualified support and thanks to Sarah Gossan and Io Kleiser for their bravery and determination in reporting the harassment they have experienced as graduate students at Caltech. Our field is a better place for having women of this calibre in its midst. They belong. Harassment does not. [IF YOU WOULD LIKE TO CO-SIGN THIS LETTER PLEASE MAIL ANNA WATTS (A.L.Watts@uva.nl), PREFERABLY USING THE SUBJECT FIELD ‘SUPPORT LETTER’, GIVING YOUR NAME, TITLE/POSITION AND INSTITUTION AS YOU WOULD LIKE IT TO APPEAR ON THE LETTER]. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3.4. News from the School Daniel Chalonge- Hector De Vega ------------------------------------------------------------ Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: http://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/2016/01/28/news-from-the-school-daniel-ch... Additional Information: http://chalonge.obspm.fr/Programme2016.html Ecole Internationale d'Astrophysique Daniel Chalonge-Hector de Vega Research-Training-Scientific Culture- -25 Years of Activity-Calling for Understanding - A beacon pioneering and developing research, projects and training. The Chalonge School offers unvaluable international current research view at the forefront of astrophysics and cosmology, international contacts at the highest level and a careful interdisciplinarity, with both Theory and Observations. 1. Programme Hector de Vega 2016: Announcement and Invitation Agenda of Events 2. Creation of a new medal: The Hector de Vega Medal 3. Warm Dark Matter Research: Call for papers, oral presentations and posters on Warm Dark Matter 1. PROGRAMME HECTOR DE VEGA 2016. ANNOUNCEMENT and INVITATION Welcome to the Chalonge-de Vega School. A Laboratory of Ideas. Research,Training and Scientific Culture. Science with great Intellectual endeavour and a Human face. The Programme is open to all researchers interested in the field, theorists, experimentalists, observers, young scientists, post-docs, advanced students. The Programme includes scientific culture events with the latest results and exhibitions. Launching of the Programme: Open Session 24 March 2016 at Observatoire de Paris, historic Perrault building . Save the date in your Agenda Warm Dark Matter is hot topic in galaxies and cosmology and implies novelties in the astrophysical, cosmological, particle and nuclear physics context. The Chalonge - de Vega School Programme 2016 is devoted to Warm Dark Matter in all its aspects and the Warm Dark Matter particle candidates: keV sterile neutrinos. - All the Year 2016: with the dates, places, Colloquia, Workshops,Open Sessions and Poster is available at: URL: http://chalonge.obspm.fr/Programme2016.html. Registration is not necessary to the Open Sessions - Scientific Support to the Programme 2016 with the new DM situation including all presentations of the whole Year 2015 is available at: URL: http://chalonge.obspm.fr/Programme2015.html - School Courses, Lectures and Lecturers, Science News, Archives ,Open Sessions, Page Hector de Vega, Album of Pictures: URL : http://chalonge.obspm.fr/. 2. NEW: THE HECTOR DE VEGA MEDAL The Hector de Vega medal have been recently created, coined and edited. The first side of the medal shows name, dates and an artistic engravure of Hector de Vega's portrait inspired by the photo taken by Nadia Charbit Blumenfeld. In the reverse side the following text is engraved in french: Hector J. de Vega, Le Gentilhomme de la Science, Physicien Theoricien, L'Ecole Daniel Chalonge Reconnaissante, La Science avec une Tres Grande Exigeance Intellectuelle et un Visage Humain. http://chalonge.obspm.fr/HdV_recto.jpg http://chalonge.obspm.fr/HdV_verso.jpg http://chalonge.obspm.fr/HdV_medaille1.jpg http://chalonge.obspm.fr/Archives_Daniel_Chalonge.html 3. CALL FOR SCIENTIFIC PAPERS, ORAL PRESENTATIONS and POSTERS on WARM DARK MATTER Developements, results on Warm Dark Matter in all its aspects: cosmological, astrophysical, particle and nuclear physics, signatures, detection, keV sterile neutrinos.... The talks, posters and diffusion of Warm Dark Matter papers/results will take place during the events of the 2016 Programme, mainly in the Chalonge de Vega Meudon Workshop and in the 20th Paris Chalonge de Vega Colloquium. Looking forward to Welcome you at the Hector de Vega Programme 2016 With compliments and kind regards Norma G. Sanchez, and the Chalonge-de Vega School http://chalonge.obspm.fr/ http://chalonge.obspm.fr/HdeV.html -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3.5. Registration is now open for the Einstein Toolkit EU School and Workshop 2016, Trento, Italy ------------------------------------------------------------ Announcement on Hyperspace@GU: http://hyperspace.uni-frankfurt.de/2016/01/31/registration-is-now-open-for-t... Additional Information: http://events.unitn.it/en/et-eu2016 Dear colleagues, we would like to announce that registration for the upcoming Einstein Toolkit EU Summer School and Workshop is now open. The school and workshop will take place in Trento from June 13th to 17th, 2016. Please visit the event page http://events.unitn.it/en/et-eu2016 to submit your registration. Participation, as always, is free of charge, but the school is limited to the first 20 students who sign up. Workshop participants who would like to contribute to the program may propose a title for a short talk. The registration deadline for either section is May 27th. We hope to see many of you in Trento this summer! Should you have any questions regarding registration, travel, or accommodation, feel free to contact one of the organizers. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++